ResumenEn el presente artículo se analizan los cambios y las continuidades en las rutas del flujo de migración de tránsito irregular o no documentada por México. Con base en los registros administrativos del Instituto Nacional de Migración relacionados con los eventos de retención de migrantes que no acreditan su legal estancia en el país, se delinean las posibles rutas de internación, recorrido y salida de la migración centroamericana que se dirige a Estados Unidos. Los resultados advierten sobre la complejidad que ha adquirido este fenómeno como consecuencia de factores asociados a la seguridad, los fenómenos naturales, la violencia y las políticas migratorias en Estados Unidos y México. AbstractThe purposes of this article are plotted and analyzed changes and continuities in the flow paths of migration of undocumented transit spanning through Mexico. Records-based store administration of Instituto Nacional de Migración related events of retention of migrants that not accredit his legal stay in Mexico and through geographical and descriptive analytical method would outline possible routes of admission, tour and flow of undocumented Central American migrants that are directed toward the United States. Results warn about the complexity that it has acquired this migratory phenomenon as a result of factors associated with security, natural phenomena, violence and immigration policies in the United States and Mexico.Palabras clave: migración de tránsito irregular o no documentada, registros administrativos, eventos de retención de migrantes, rutas del flujo de tránsito, rutas de internación, recorrido y salida, migrantes centroamericanos.

In recent years, community-based tourism has become a source of income within indigenous and rural communities, either as a principal or complementary activity. However, the management of the administrative and financial processes of this type of enterprise was unknown. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the state of these processes within the so-called Community-Based Tourism Enterprises (CBTEs) in the provinces of Pichincha, Napo, and Imbabura (Ecuador). For this purpose, a matrix was designed to collect information on the administrative and financial processes that an enterprise should have, detailing all their elements with their respective assessment. Also, an interview was administered to the 28 community leaders (one for each CBTE) to diagnose each issue of business management. In this diagnosis, it was concluded that, despite having a certificate from the Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR), the Community-Based Tourism Enterprises have not implemented important administrative and financial processes such as a strategic plan, operational plan, market study, cost analysis, process manual, market plan, initial situation, results status, final status, or financial indicators. Therefore, in the long term, this leads to poor management of business resources, which can result in the closure of these enterprises.

Prochilodus magdalenae is a freshwater fish endemic to the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca and Caribbean hydrographic basins. The genetic structure patterns of populations of different members of Prochilodus and the historic restocking of its depleted natural populations suggest that P. magdalenae exhibits genetic stocks that coexist and co-migrate throughout the rivers Magdalena, Cauca, Cesar, Sinú and Atrato. To test this hypothesis and explore the levels of genetic diversity and population demography of 725 samples of P. magdalenae from the studied rivers, we developed a set of 11 species-specific microsatellite loci using next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics, and experimental tests of the levels of diversity of the microsatellite loci. The results evidenced that P. magdalenae exhibits high genetic diversity, significant inbreeding coefficient ranging from 0.162 to 0.202, and signs of erosion of the genetic pool. Additionally, the population genetic structure constitutes a mixture of genetic stocks heterogeneously distributed along the studied rivers, and moreover, a highly divergent genetic stock was detected in Chucurí, Puerto Berrío and Palagua that may result from restocking practices. This study provides molecular tools and a wide framework regarding the genetic diversity and structure of P. magdalenae, which is crucial to complement its baseline information, diagnosis and monitoring of populations, and to support the implementation of adequate regulation, management, and conservation policies.

Interest and participation in running has increased over the past several decades. There has also been a substantial increase in the incidence and prevalence of injuries associated with running. The etiology of running injuries is multifactorial. Of all the musculoskeletal injuries associated with running, lumbar spine injuries are among the least common - yet can be the most debilitating. The impact load generated during heelstrike travels up the lower extremity kinetic chain and converges on the lumbar spine. This impact load is minimized through a series of normal biomechanical actions of the joints and the soft tissues that support them. Dysfunction at any link in the lower extremity kinetic chain can set off a cascading series of mechanical adaptations throughout the spinal axis. Similarly, spinal pain and dysfunction can create peripheral joint adaptations. These mechanical adaptations may become painful or may create a painful dysfunction at a more distant site. There are a variety of structures in the lumbar spine that can cause pain. Mechanical, vascular, biochemical, and neurochemical factors may also be involved in the production of low back pain and radiculopathy. Running stresses the normal biomechanics of the lumbar spine. Changes in normal tissue function including strength, strength balance, flexibility, and proprioception may be caused by these stresses or be the cause of them. New adaptive functional running patterns occur. A thorough rehabilitation plan that addresses all aspects of the injury requires an accurate and complete diagnosis that is made as soon as possible. The rehabilitation program is divided into acute and subacute phases. Education, physical modalities, medication, manual therapy, traction and therapeutic exercise are used to help meet the goals of the acute phase of rehabilitation. The goals of the subacute phase are met by optimizing strength, endurance, and coordination of the neuromuscular system as it affects the lumbar spine and preventing any further injury or recurrences. Running specific rehabilitation may start early in the subacute phase and then progress as the runner's spine stabilization skills improve.

Abstract:Objective: Dental students are particularly affected by stress, which can lead to 'burnout syndrome' by association with other psychological factors. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of perceived stress, coping strategies, and vocational satisfaction on the severity of burnout in Chilean dental students in the clinical years. Method: The study population was comprised of clinical dental students of five Chilean dental schools. The following variables were considered: age, gender, year of study, burnout, coping strategies, perceived stress, and vocational satisfaction. Statistical analysis included descriptive measures, correlation tests, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The final sample included 244 students. Three (1.23%) students did not have burnout in any of its factors and 38 (15.57%) had severe levels in all three factors. There was a statistically significant greater 'emotional exhaustion' in 4 th year students.There was a statistically significant correlation of the three factors of burnout with 'social withdrawal' coping strategy, high levels of perceived stress, and low levels of present and future vocational satisfaction. Conclusion: Most students presented moderate and high levels of burnout. This situation is associated with dysfunctional coping strategies, high levels of perceived stress, and low levels of present and future vocational satisfaction.

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Dental students suffer greater stress than the rest of the university population. In general, most health students seek little assistance to help them cope with stress. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of therapies to manage stress in Chilean clinical dental students. A cross-sectional study was conducted nationwide; this report is a secondary data analysis. The study population was dental students in clinical years (4 th and 5 th ) of 5 Chilean dental schools: Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Concepción, and La Frontera. This paper reports the use of therapies for stress management during the past six months considering four options: medical/psychiatric, psychological, self-medication and alternative. Tabulation and analysis were done in STATA 10/SE. Three hundred thirty-seven students were surveyed, 54.01% were men and 64.99% were in fourth year, with an average age of 22.94±2.04. The 48.07% of students have used any of the four types of therapies; women and fourth-year students use more any form of therapy with 53.30% (p=.037) and 48.86% (p=.694), respectively, than men and fifth year students. About half of the students have used some form of therapy to manage stress in the last six months; of the students that received therapy, the percentage of women was significantly higher.