We performed a transplant experiment in eutrophic Sau reservoir to assess the factors that control bacterial abundance, activity, growth rate, and community composition. Samples from the lacustrine and the riverine ends of the reservoir were incubated in dialysis bags placed in situ and transplanted to the other side of the reservoir and also incubated after 1 m filtration to measure predator effects. The bags were sampled at 12-h intervals to estimate bacterial abundance, whole community activity, activity structure (by flow cytometry), and phylogenetic composition (by in situ hybridization with group-specific phylogenetic probes). Bacterial production was always regulated by nutrient supply, but abundance and activity were differently regulated at both sites. The riverine bacteria were limited by predator activity, whereas the lacustrine were regulated by a combination of predation and nutrient supply. Therefore, even in the same environment, different modes of control can act simultaneously. Bacterial activity structure was also regulated in the same way. Abundance of highDNA bacteria and cells hybridizing with the universal EUB338 probe were well correlated. In the lacustrine sample, bacterial community structure did not change significantly, whereas in the riverine sample, ␣-and ␥-Proteobacteria reduced their growth when transplanted, whereas ␤-Proteobacteria were stimulated by the presence of predators. Members of the Cytophaga/Flavobacterium phylum grew only when incubated in situ in the absence of predators. This different behavior in the different bacterial groups resulted in strong changes in bacterial assemblage composition, evident already after 24 h. The experiment demonstrates that, together with the effect of predators, nutrient supply affects bacterial community properties and that a complex regulation involving both types of control can occur in a single heterogeneous planktonic system. Bacteria are relevant members of the limnetic planktonic food web, both in terms of biomass and production share (e.g., Cole and Caraco 1993;del Giorgio and Gasol 1995) and while this is very evident in oligotrophic plankton sys-1 Corresponding author

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A B S T R A C TWe studied changes in the epilimnetic bacterial community composition (BCC), bacterial biomass and production, and protistan succession and bacterivory along the longitudinal axis of the canyonshaped, highly eutrophic Sau Reservoir (NE Spain) during two sampling campaigns, in April and July 1997. Longitudinal changes in BCC from the river inflow to the dam area of the reservoir were detected by using oligonucleotide probes targeted to the kingdom Bacteria, to the alpha, beta, and gamma subclasses (ALFA, BETA, and GAMA) of the class Proteobacteria, and to the Cytophaga/ Flavobacterium (CF) cluster. In general, the inflow of the organically loaded Ter river, with highly abundant allochthonous bacterial populations, induced a clearly distinguishable longitudinal succession of the structure of the microbial food web. The most dynamic changes in microbial parameters occurred at the plunge point, the mixing area of river water and the reservoir epilimnion. Changes within members of BETA and CF were the most important in determining changes in BCC, bacterial abundance and biomass. Much less relevant changes occurred within the less abundant ALFA and GAMA bacteria. From the plunge point downstream, we described a significant shift in BCC in the form of decreased proportions of BETA and CF. This shift spatially coincided with the highest values of heterotrophic nanoflagellate bacterivory (roughly doubled the bacterial production). CF numerically dominated throughout the reservoir without any marked longitudinal changes in their mean cell volume. In contrast, very large cells affiliated to BETA clearly dominated in the allochthonous bacterial biomass brought by the river. BETA showed a marked downstream trend of decreasing mean cell volume. We conclude that the observed BCC shift and the longitudinal shift in food web structure (bacteria-heterotrophic nanoflagellates-ciliates) resulted from highly complex interactions brought about by several major factors: varying hydrology, the high localized allochthonous input of organic matter brought by the river, downstream changing substrate availability, and selective protistan bacterivory.

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Low dissolved oxygen concentration in bottom layers of lakes and reservoirs usually indicates low water quality. In lakes, empirical models predicting anoxia are almost entirely based on the decay of plankton biomass, while in reservoirs recent findings suggest a prominent role of streamflow and load of organic carbon. This suggests a potential link between water quality in reservoirs and climate processes affecting streamflow. Here we support this hypothesis presenting evidence that both interannual climate variability and recent climate change, mainly consisting in a significant increase in potential evapotranspiration in the upstream basin, affected the oxygen content in a Mediterranean reservoir (Sau Reservoir, Spain). Using a 44-year monthly record, we found strong and consistent signatures of El Niñ o Southern Oscillation in the inflow and reservoir oxygen content. Spectral and wavelet techniques showed that the El Niñ o, streamflow, and reservoir oxygen content series oscillated in common periods, which coincided with the main El Niñ o variability modes. An empirical model explaining the annual oxygen content in the reservoir suggested that a decreasing streamflow trend reduced the oxygen content of the reservoir by about 20%, counteracting remediation measures implemented at the basin upstream the reservoir. Our results provide the first quantitative evidence of climate change effects on reservoir water quality using long-term instrumental data, and indicate that streamflow should be considered as a key variable in assessing climate change impact on reservoir water quality. These results are especially relevant in regions of the world where reservoirs are abundant and most climate models predict a decrease in runoff during the next decades. Both the expected trends and the sensitivity of reservoir water quality to global interannual climate variability should be considered for a correct management of water resources in the present and to design adaptation policies in the future.

Lake Rodó (Montevideo, Uruguay) is a small, urban, hypertrophic lake undergoing restoration. In this study, we evaluated the nutrient removal efficiency and water quality improvement attributable to a water recirculation system, consisting of the lake and three connected pools converted to artificial wetlands dominated by free-floating hydrophytes. Eichhornia crassipes and Spirodela intermedia dominated the hydrophyte community during summer and winter, respectively, with the biomass production being maintained throughout the year. The maximum production values of E. crassipes were 11.3 and 5.6 g DW m -2 d -1 in the summers of 1998 and 2000, respectively, while those of S. intermedia were 2.7 and 0.8 g DW m -2 d -1 in the summers of 1999 and 2000, respectively. The aquatic plant community reduced the concentration of nutrients in the water column but did not significantly affect the sediment concentrations. Harvesting the hydrophytes removed the equivalent of 58-88% and 39-78% of the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) load associated with the water column, respectively. In contrast, the harvests accounted for only 1-2% of the N and P load associated with the sediments. In the pools, the combination of water recirculation and hydrophytes generally diminished the algal biomass and the associated N and P, compared to that observed for the lake. The combined use of adequate aquatic plant harvests and hydraulic management increased the efficiency of the system and, therefore, seems to be a useful tool for restoring small, shallow lakes in tropical and subtropical regions.

We studied the planktonic food web in eutrophic Sau Reservoir (Catalonia, NE Spain). Along the longitudinal axis from the Ter River downstream to the dam, we characterized a microbial succession of food web dominance of bacteria‐HNF‐ciliates. The Ter River transports a large load of organic material into the reservoir, with a bacterial density of ∼9 · 106 large cells per ml. While at the first lacustrine station of the Reservoir HNF were the dominant bacterial consumers, at the others, an oligotrich ciliate, Halteria grandinella, was the main protozoan bacterivore. Most of the bacterial production in the reservoir epilimnion was consumed by grazing. The spatial succession of the reservoir microbial food webs was followed downstream by maximum densities of their potential predators among zoo‐plankters – rotifers, and early developmental stages of copepods.

1. Epilimnetic alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was measured in longitudinal profiles of the canyon-shaped, eutrophic Sau Reservoir (Catalonia, Spain) during the autumn, winter and spring periods of 1997-2000. 2. The spatial pattern of APA depended on lake circulation. During periods of stable stratification, when the ratio of mixed to euphotic depth (z mix /z eu < 1.7) was low and the Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration high, APA was also comparatively high (0.5-3.4 lmol L )1 h )1 ) and located mostly in the >2-lm size-fraction. APA increased towards the dam at the same time as the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) decreased. In periods of unstable stratification, deep mixing (z mix /z eu > 2.4) and low Chl a concentration, APA was low (<0.1 lmol L )1 h )1 ) and without longitudinal changes, consistent with a high and stable SRP concentration. 3. A high input of mostly dissolved (in the <0.2-lm size-fraction) phosphatases from the river Ter was found in 1997-98. At the river inflow, independently of season and despite a continuously high SRP concentration, APA was approximately 0.7 lmol L )1 h )1 and decreased towards the dam within the inflowing, canyon-like part of the reservoir. 4. Analysis of saturation kinetics revealed the kinetic heterogeneity of APA. Low-affinity APA was localised in the >2-lm (algal) size-fraction while, in the <2-lm (picoplankton, mainly bacteria + dissolved) size-fraction, high-affinity APA, or a mixture of both, was found. The presence of two kinetic components, whose substrate affinities (i.e. in Michaelis constants, K m ) differed, was confirmed statistically in 13 of 18 cases analysed. The range of K mH values of the high-affinity component was 0.15-2.4 lmol L )1 , K mL values of the lowaffinity component ranged from 18 to 275 lmol L )1 .