A previous constitutive modeling for single-phase steels is extended using the mixing law to predict the behavior of hot deformation in the dual phase ferritic-austenitic intercritical zone of Fe-C-Mn-Si alloys. Mixing law considers two phases instead one, so one phase formula was modified. The constant's values used represents average values to the same conditions in austenitic and ferritic model. The amount of each phase is determined as function of temperature and chemical composition. The developed constitutive modeling is validated by comparing the theoretical stress-strain curves with experimental isothermal uniaxial compression tests of 1008 and 1035 carbon steels at different temperatures and strain rates. The compression tests were carried out in a dilatometer with the compression load at strain rate of 10 -3 , 10 -2 and 10 -1 s -1 . A good agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental results over different stages of deformation and hardening. Microstructural analysis was also carried out to relate the deformation results to the microstructure of the steels. Finally, a general constitutive equation has been proposed for hot deformation of steels in the intercritical zone.
Terminals obtained from spent lead-acid batteries in Mexico contain around 2 wt% Sb. The terminals were melted in an electric furnace and then oxygen was injected to 750?C and a gas flow rate of 2 L/min to produce high purity Sb2O3. The antimony trioxide obtained was treated with a mixture of Na2CO3-SiC to 1000?C to obtain metallic antimony. The antimony trioxide is reduced by the C present in reagents while silicon and sodium form a slag phase. The amounts of Sb2O3 and SiC were held constant while the Na2CO3 was evaluated in the range from 30 to 42 wt%. The antimony and slag produced were characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDS techniques. The addition of 34 wt% Na2CO3 leading the recovery of antimony up to 90.16 wt% (99.57 wt% purity) and the lowest antimony losses in the slag (2 wt%). In addition, the compounds Na2SiO3 and Na2Si2O5 formed in the slag may indicate a more stable slag. Na2CO3 contents higher than 38 wt% decreased the antimony recovery since it promotes the Na2Sb4O7 compound in the slag. The oxidation and reduction process was modeled in FactSage 7.3 software for a better understanding of the Na2CO3 and SiC additions on the antimony recovery rates and compounds formed in the slag.
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