To identify novel cosmetic ingredients from subtropical plants, we screened 21 parts of 12 plant species collected from the Agricultural Research Institute for Climate located in Jeju Island, the southernmost island of the Korean Peninsula. Subtropical plants were investigated for their total polyphenolic content by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid as the standard as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activities. In both the DPPH and the ABTS assays, three plants, Syzygium samarangense, Acca sellowiana (leaves and branches), and Olea europaea (branches) showed significantly greater scavenging activity [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) < 50 µg/mL] than the other plants did. The leaves and branches of S. samarangense also had the highest total phenolic content (153.7 and 160.6 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g DW, respectively). However, the subtropical plants in this study showed lower elastase and tyrosinase inhibition activities than the positive controls oleanolic acid and arbutin (95.0 and 86.5 µg/mL, respectively) did. Furthermore, we sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of these subtropical plants for potential use in topical applications to treat skin inflammation. Therefore, they were screened for inhibitory effects on the proinflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Our results revealed that S. samarangense leaves potently inhibited the LPS-stimulated NO production concentration-dependently with an IC 50 of 154.3 µg/mL. These results suggest that these subtropical plants possess several biological activities that may be potent inhibitors of the skin aging and inflammatory processes. Further investigations will focus on cell-based in vitro assays and chemically identifying the major active components mediating the anti-aging and anti-inflammation.
Citrus, yield of which is the highest among fruits produced in Korea, is extensively consumed for processed food items. The amount of by-products of citrus produced from the processing within a short period after the harvest is tremendous. These by-products are mostly dumped into land or neglected because of cost involved in processing them. The aim of the present study was to explore the usefulness of the by-products as a new material by examining the anti-inflammatory activity of fermented extracts of citrus peels. The peels of 'unshu' (Citrus unshiu) was fermented with Aspergillus niger and their extracts before or after fermentation were analyzed using HPLC. The analysis showed that neohesperidin level considerably increased and the two new compounds were synthesized after fermentation. The anti-inflammatory activity of the fermented extracts was examined on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Fermented unshu extracts significantly enhanced the decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS and COX-2 expression, comparing with those of unfermented extracts. Also TNF-α and IL-6 production, both of which are pro-inflammatory cytokine, were more inhibited in fermented extracts. These results showed that the fermentation and promotion of the function of the by-products of citrus peels will help find a new application.
:This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition of essential oil in 'Shiranuhi' immature fruit and to test their biological activities. 'Shiranuhi' immature essential oils (SIEO) were obtained by steam distillation from fruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Fourteen components were identified in the essential oil. Limonene (75.21%) and terpineol (8.68%) were the major components in SIEO. Since acne vulgaris is the combined result of a bacterial infection and the inflammatory response to that infection, we examined whether SIEO possessed antibacterial against skin pathogens. As a result, SIEO showed excellent antibacterial activities against drug-susceptible and -resistant Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are acne-causing bacteria. In this study, SIEO was examined on DPPH radical scavenging activities, which showed moderate antioxidant activity (SC 50 , 15.36 µL/mL). In order to determined whether SIEO can be safely applied to human skin, the cytotoxicity effects of SIEO were determined by colorimetric MTT assays in normal human fibroblasts and keratinocyte HaCaT cells. They exhibited low cytotoxicity at 0.5 µL/mL in both celllines. Based on these results, we suggest the possibility that essential oil of 'Shiranuhi' maybe considered as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.
This study investigated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of unripe fruit peel solvent fractions of the native jeju citrus 'Hongkyool' (Citrus tachibana Tanaka) and 'Pyunkyool' (C. tangerina Hort. ex Tanaka). The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were highest in the butanol fraction of both 'Hongkyool' (534.4 mg/g, 431.8 mg/g) and 'Pyunkyool' (342.9 mg/g, 415.7 mg/g). In both cultivars, the butanol fraction showed the strong antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging. The DPPH radical scavenging of the butanol fraction from 'Hongkyool' and 'Pyunkyool' was 89% and 64% at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging of the butanol fraction from 'Hongkyool' and 'Pyunkyool' was 94% and 85% at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, respectively. We investigated the effect of the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction from 'Hongkyool' and 'Pyunkyool' on LPS-induced NO production, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 protein expression in Raw 264.7 cells. At concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml of the 'Hongkyool' ethyl acetate fraction, the anti-inflammatory effect was excellent. These results suggest that ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from 'Hongkyool' and 'Pyunkyool' could be useful functional materials, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
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