The jet stream and associated vertical wind shears (VWSs) are strongest in middle latitudes in the upper troposphere (z = 8-12 km), and their existence is largely explained by the meridional temperature gradient (MTG) between the tropics and polar regions via the thermal wind relation (e.g., Holton, 1992;Lee et al., 2019). Jets are closely associated with dynamic weather phenomena such as storm tracks and cyclogenesis. However, they are also responsible for aviation weather hazards including upper-level turbulence encountered by cruising aircraft in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) (e.g., Kim et al., 2016;Sharman et al., 2012). These turbulence encounters are commonly referred to as Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT) which often occurs in the vicinity of the jet stream without visually detectable convective clouds (e.g., Kim et al., , 2018Lester, 1994;Sharman et al., 2006). The CAT may be generated by a variety of mechanisms, including but not limited to, shear instability, frontogenesis near upper-level jet/frontal systems (Dutton & Panofsky, 1970;Ellrod & Knapp, 1992), and emissions of inertia gravity waves via geostrophic adjustments at the exit region
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