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This paper presents a tutorial treatment of the fundamentals of noise in solid-state analog electronic circuits. It is written for upper division students andpracticing engineers who wish to gain a basic knowledge of the theory of electronic noise and techniques for low-noise circuit design. The paper presents an overview of noise fundamentals, a description of noise models for passive devices and active solid-state devices, methods of calculating the noise performance of ampl$ers, and techniques for minimizing noise in circuit design. The theory and methods are applicable to both discrete and integrated circuits.

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Abstruct-Small-signal Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits seen looking into each terminal of the BJT and the FET are described. The application of these! circuits to writing by inspection the expressions for gain, input resistance, and output resistance of multistage amplifiers is demonstrated. The application of the circuits to the noise analysis of devices is illustrated by the calculation of the noise input voltage and current of the BJT and the noise input voltage of the MOSFET. The circuits are useful for the analysis of feedback amplifiers where Mason's signal flow graph can he used to solve the simultaneous equations that are obtained. Several examples are presented which illustrate flow-graph solutions for feedback circuits.