Cover: Thin-section micrograph of a matrix of individual ice crystals from the 250-m depth (about 800 years old) from the Camp Milcent ice core. The different colors are due to the different orientations of the crystals. The larger crystals are about 1 cm in the elongated diameter. The small dark circles, better observed within the lighter crystals, are entrapped atmospheric air bubbles, incorporated and formed in the upper snow layers, originally as pore spaces. With time and increasing depth and overburden load pressure, they transform into individual air bubbles. Techniques of extracting the bubbles from ice core specimens, and analyzing the gases, provide chemical data on past changes in ancient atmospheric compositions.This report commemorates the 50th anniversary of the Third International Polar Year (IGY) and the ongoing Fourth International Polar Year (IPY).ERDC/CRREL TR-08-1 January 2008 THE HISTORY OF EARLY POLAR ICE CORESChester C. Langway, Jr. USA SIPRE / USA CRREL / University at BuffaloApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited.ii ERDC/CRREL TR-08-1 Abstract:The scientific knowledge of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and the subsequently derived Earth history, has been greatly increased during the past 50 years. Much of the new information was obtained from various studies made on a relatively small number of deep (300-400 m) and several very deep (some over 3000 m) ice cores, recovered from the inland regions of both ice sheets by different national and international research teams. The beginning, development, and progress of deep polar ice core drillings and core studies is reviewed from the incipient pit study made by Ernst Sorge in 1930, through the trying efforts of three international core drilling projects mounted around 1950. The paper continues with a broad overview of the early role and achievements made by two related U.S.
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