No abstract

ABSTRACT:The disposal of wastewater is a problem of great concern throughout the world specifically in developing countries. This study investigates the impact of indiscriminate wastewater disposal on soil in Akindeko and Abiola halls of residence at the Federal University of Technology, Akure Nigeria. Soil samples were taken from the wastewater disposal site at the surface and varying depths of 10 cm and 20 cm while the control samples were taken 10 m away from the polluted soil surface. Physico-chemical and bacteriological properties determined include; colour, odour, soil weight, particle weight, bulk density, porosity, pH, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, bacteria, fungi and coliforms. The results showed that all the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of the soils have relatively high concentration indicating pollution compared to the control samples. The pH ranged from 8.7 to 7.2 while Ca and K have a range of 1277 ppm to 773 ppm and 1273 ppm to 754 ppm respectively. The highest concentration of Zn and Mn are19.30 ppm and 11.70 ppm respectively. It is recommended that a sustainable wastewater treatment plant should be provided to treat all wastewater generated from all hall of residence in the university and at the same time the soils in the area require various remediation technologies like bioremediation and phytoremediation by growing certain plants in the area to minimize the rate of contamination and extent of future pollution problems. This will go a long way in preventing environmental pollution in the study area. © JASEM http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem/v19i3.10

High demand for water is driving potentially unsustainable practices and competition for water resources between various sectors in developing areas. As a result of improved quality of life and population growth, increase in demand for fresh water is anticipated in all African countries in all sectors, over the next 10 years. This study examines the effects of dry season irrigation farming (fadama) on the physical and chemical quality of the River Osin which receives both surface and subsurface flow from irrigated areas in the Upper Osin Catchment, Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of 90 samples were obtained from Upstream (UPS), Irrigated area (IRG) and Downstream (DNS) segments of the river in the dry and rainy seasons. Water samples were analysed for pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended solids, dissolved organic matter (DOM), pesticides (ionic basic type), Na+, K+, Mg2+,Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, Ca2+ and HCO3-. The results indicate that values of agricultural pollutants such as pesticides (CuSO4), NO3- and PO43- were significantly higher at IRG than at UPS, and decreased slightly at DNS, while all other anions and cations except DOM reached peak values at DNS. Agricultural pollutants (NO3-, PO43- and pesticides) contributed significantly to poor water quality observed at IRG and DNS segments but the values are within acceptable tolerance range at UPS. The findings further indicate that irrigation practice degrades the quality of water at IRG and DNS segments. As a result, a holistic approach to agriculture and water resource management is recommended to ensure sustainable water resources development in the catchment.

As water is a major life sustainer, hence its portability is of great importance in performing that role well. In this study, various water samples were collected within Efon-Alaaye for both physicochemical and bacteriological tests. A total of nine (9) water samples were taken for analysis with six (6) from various surface sources and three (3) from groundwater sources in the study area. The mean turbidity value, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, hardness and EC are 2.92 NTU, 23°C, 447.8 mg/l, 48.1 mg/l and 138.4 μS/cm respectively. Manganese has mean value of 0.27 mg/l. The concentration of both copper and zinc ranges from 0.07-0.13 mg/l and 0.16-0.55 mg/l with an average value of 0.04 mg/l and 0.28 mg/l respectively. Water samples collected were also analyzed for total coliform bacteria and ranged from 1 to 4.6/100 ml with an average value of 3.29 colony/100 ml. On the basis of findings, the physico-chemical analysis reveals that some of the water samples were above the WHO standards for parameters like turbidity and TDS while the bacteriological test reveals that seven (7) of the water samples considered met the WHO requirement of portability while the other two samples contain faecal contaminant as E.coli was discovered, though at reasonable rate.

This study evaluates flow rate correction and approximate flow rates in loops for three different case studies of closed looped pipe distribution network systems using Hardy Cross and Newton Raphson. Darcy Weisbach head loss equation was also used to account for major losses. Manual calculation was initially done for each case study followed by a C-Sharp programming software which was developed to affirm the manual calculation. For one looped network, head loss around the loop converged from 25.60 m to 0.13 m at the third iteration. The two looped network head loss around each loop converged from 170.97 m and 8.92 m to 0.05 and 0.06 m for Hardy Cross at the sixth iteration while the head loss are 0.88 m and 0.24 m at the fourth iteration for both Hardy Cross and Newton Raphson method while for the three looped network, it has head losses around the three loops converged after the fourth iteration from 0.26, 1.36 and 18.32 m to 0.13, 0.11 and 0.10 m respectively for Hardy Cross at third iteration while the head losses are 0.03, 0.00 and 0.05 m for Newton Raphson method. Newton Raphson method was found to have a better convergence pattern because it convergences in a uniform manner unlike Hardy Cross method. Also, the program developed gave almost but more accurate results as compared to that of manual calculations with the agreement between them rated at 98%. Some slight differences encountered in the mathematical terms calculated were as a result of some accumulated approximation errors.