A novel dual functional Janus catalyst {Mo132} for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction coupled with organic hydroxylation from phenylacetylene to acetophenone is reported.

Although the core of electrochemistry involves simple oxidation and reduction reactions, it can be complicated in real electrochemical organic reactions. The principles used in electrochemical reactions have been derived using physical organic chemistry, which drives other organic/inorganic reactions. This review mainly comprises two themes: the first discusses the factors that help optimize an electrochemical reaction, including electrodes, supporting electrolytes, and electrochemical cell design, and the second outlines studies conducted in the field over a period of 10 years. Electrochemical reactions can be used as a versatile tool for synthetically important reactions by modifying the constant electrolysis current.

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Applications of oxometalates in catalysis have been a long and ongoing endeavour. In this chapter, in addition to archiving the chemistry of oxometalates in catalysing oxidative, reductive and photoredox reactions along with acid and base catalysed reactions, we will highlight examples of reactions that can harvest energy. We will go further and introduce the micro-heterogeneous media or the state of soft-oxometalates in diverse catalysis. The overview concludes with a perspective on the future directions of catalysis research with oxometalates.