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Beans are a vital food for the population around the world because it contains a relatively high amount of protein, vitamins, fiber, and minerals, being an important vegetable source of iron, particularly when combined with ascorbic acid and cysteine. The starch content in the seed is between 45 and 60%. This paper evaluated the granular structure of starches from common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in raw and cooked forms by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and their crystallinity by X-ray diffraction (DR-X). By SEM, was observed the occurrence of gelatinization phenomenon in cowpea and carioca beans, and the resistance to this event in black beans. By DR-X, the diffraction angles found in this work are more consistent with the classification of the standard polyphorm A. The Relative Crystallinity (RC) of black bean cowpea and carioca beans, observed by X-ray diffraction, varied significantly.

Starch applications in food systems are mainly influenced by solubility, gelatinization, paste viscosity, digestibility, and retrogradation. These characteristics result from properties such as the size and shape of granules, amylose and amylopectin contents, distribution of polymer chains, degree of crystallinity, and extraction of waste. In beans, the percentage of starch contents on dry basis is between 45 and 60%, being 24-65% amylose. This chapter evaluated the structure of common beans starch granules (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in raw and cooked forms, by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus it was possible to observe the gelatinization of the starch granules especially in cowpea and carioca beans, as well as the "hard-to-cook" phenomenon in the black beans.

Accumulation of pesticides has a harmful impact on the environment and human health. The main goal of this work was to develop a method to determine and quantify the residues of thirteen pesticides in edible fish and bivalves such as parati (Mugil curema), seabass (Centropomus ssp.), mullet (Mugil brasiliensis), clams (Anomalocardia brasiliana) and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from Sepetiba Bay and Parnaiba River Delta (Brazil) between 2019 and 2020. Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) was used for extraction and quantification through gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The method was validated (linearity, accuracy and precision) for fatty fish (Salmo salar), lean fish (Mugil curema) and bivalves (Mytilus edulis). The survey found linear correlation coefficients (r) equal to or greater than 0.9 for almost all analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of five replicates were less than 20% for almost all analytes at different concentrations in lean fish, fatty fish and bivalves. Most analytes showed satisfactory accuracy. Alachlor herbicide was found in samples of seabass, mussels, clams and parati with levels ranging between 0.55 to 420.39 μg kg−1 dw. Ethion was found in parati (maximum 211.22 μg kg−1 dw), mussels (15.1 μg kg−1 dw) and clams (maximum 44.50 μg kg−1 dw). Alachlor was found in clams (maximum 93.1 μg kg−1 dw), and bifenthrin was found in parati (maximum 43.4 μg kg−1 dw) and clams (maximum 42.21 μg kg−1 dw). The validated method was satisfactory for the determination of eleven pesticides in the fatty fish matrix, and thirteen pesticides in the samples of lean fish and bivalves. The presence of alachlor, ethion and bifenthrin stands out.

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