ABSTRACT. This comprehensive literature review examines the link between intelligence and achievement. It also provides a brief summary of selected psychometric theories of intelligence. In attempt to gather all relevant scholarly literature, several procedures were used. A search of the key terms in the ERIC, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases was performed. The literature evidences that verbal abilities have stronger correlation with academic achievement than nonverbal abilities. Furthermore, verbal abilities are related to readiness to learn while nonverbal abilities are related to potential to learn. If intelligence scores are used to predict any kind of future academic performance, both verbal (readiness) and nonverbal (potential) abilities should be evaluated. Besides, in order to identify gifted and talented students, assessment of verbal abilities should accompany with the assessment of nonverbal abilities so that they will be able to survive in advanced academic programs.
Current literature has identified a growing achievement gap experienced by students raised in poverty. However, some students from poverty can defeat the odds and succeed academically with advanced degrees. Nine graduate students self-identified as being raised in poverty participated in this study. The home-related experiences that led to their academic success were explored. Basic qualitative inquiry and constructivist narrative analysis were used as a framework for this study. Data collection methods included face-to-face and telephone interviews. Data transcriptions were coded and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Findings suggest that graduate students raised in poverty need a broad support system inside and outside the home. They also indicated that activities and routines were critical to their continued academic success and how academic work often became an escape from the chaos around them. This study calls attention to the academic importance of a broader support network for students raised in poverty.
Specifically, poverty can negatively influence the development of verbal skills as they are highly correlated with school achievement (Hart and Risley 1995). Researchers have observed that students raised in poverty exhibit lower verbal skills even while simultaneously evidencing average-or above-average nonverbal skills (Juntune, Kaya, and Ramos 2011; Tyler-Wood and Carri 1993). Reardon (2011) examined the data from 19 nationally representative studies that focused on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and academic achievement as measured by reading and math scores. Evidence strongly suggested that the achievement gap between children from upper and lower income families has grown over the past several decades. In fact, some researchers (e.g. Burney and Beilke 2008) have argued that poverty may be the most important factor in explaining the current achievement gap among students in the USA. Studies on school success usually employ discrete variables such as ethnicity, gender, culture, language and school location. While there is some debate on how these variables should be measures, "poverty" is typically measured using family income while "SES" typically includes measures such as parental educational level and type of occupation to the mix. As poverty is actually a complex set of conditions rather than a discrete independent variable ABSTRACT A nonexperimental design was used to determine whether the verbal scores of low-income gifted fifth graders (n = 38) differed from those of their higher income peers (n = 83). The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Eighth Edition and the Stanford Achievement Test-Tenth Edition were used to collect student data. Results of a MANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between the verbal scores of the two groups, with low-income students scoring significantly lower. A large effect size for the multivariate main effect of income level on verbal intelligence and verbal achievement scores was found (η 2 = .19). The existence of verbal-nonverbal score discrepancy in low-income students questions the practice of using only nonverbal or nonverbal parts of an IQ test to identify and place students in gifted programmes. These results also underscore the need to nurture underdeveloped verbal abilities when they occur in low-income students.
This study explored the relationship between verbal and nonverbal intelligence scores in students from low-income households. Researchers investigated how the verbal and nonverbal scores of these students differed both by ability level and within each grade. The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scale was administered to 1935 kindergarten through fifth-grade students enrolled in free and reduced-price lunch programs. Large gaps were found between students’ verbal and nonverbal intelligence scores; such gaps were not specific to any particular grade or ability level but rather were seen in all of the examined grades. Gaps were even larger for students with higher nonverbal IQ scores. Results suggest that assessments based solely on nonverbal scores should be interpreted with caution.
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