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Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and percutaneous radiological gastrostomy (PRG) are commonly utilized to establish access to enteral nutrition. However, data comparing the outcomes of PEG vs. PRG are conflicting. Our aim was to conduct an updated systemic review and meta-analysis comparing PRG and PEG outcomes. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library databases until December 21, 2021. Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality, tube leakage, tube dislodgement, perforation, and peritonitis. Secondary outcomes included bleeding, infectious complications, and aspiration pneumonia. All analyses were conducted using comprehensive meta-analysis software.Results: The initial search revealed 819 studies. Of these, 41 of these studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. Of 471,091 total patients, 194,350 received PRG and 276,741 received PEG. PRG was associated with higher odds of 30-day mortality when compared to PEG (OR: 1.220, 95% CI: 1.162-1.282, I2554.2%). In addition, tube leakage and tube dislodgement were higher in the PRG group than in PEG (OR: 2.231, 95% CI:1.184-4.2 and OR: 2.612, 95% CI: 1.917-3.56 respectively). Perforation, peritonitis, bleeding, and infectious complications were also higher with PRG than PEG, although this was not statistically significant on sensitivity analysis. There was no significant difference in the risk of aspiration pneumonia. (Figure ) Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis comparing PRG, and PEG outcomes found higher odds of 30-day mortality, tube leakage, and tube dislodgement with PRG compared to PEG. Rates of bleeding, perforation, infectious complications, and peritonitis were significantly higher with PRG than with PEG, but these results did not achieve statistical significance in a sensitivity analysis. Our metaanalysis has the following strengths: systematic literature search with well-defined inclusion criteria, the inclusion of all available studies in the current literature, careful exclusion of redundant studies, highquality studies with detailed data extraction, and rigorous study quality evaluation. Our pooled rates are calculated from 471,091 patients, a very robust Figure . In summary, PRG is associated with higher 30-day mortality and gastrostomy tube-related complications than PEG. Additional studies, particularly large RCTs, are warranted.[0592] Figure 1. Mortality forest plot.

Background: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a procedure typically utilized to treat refractory ascites and variceal bleeding. However, TIPS can lead to significant complications, most commonly hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Advanced age has been described as a risk factor for HE, as the elderly population tends to have decreased cognitive reserve and increased sarcopenia. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to summarize the association between advanced age and risk of adverse events after undergoing TIPS. Methods:A comprehensive search strategy to identify reports of specific outcomes (HE, 30-day and 90-day mortality, and 30-day readmission due to HE) in elderly patients after undergoing TIPS was developed in Embase (Embase.com, Elsevier). We compared outcomes and performed separate data analyses for patients aged < 70 vs. > 70 years and patients aged < 65 vs. > 65 years.Results: Six studies with a total of 1,591 patients met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final meta-analysis. Three studies divided patients by age < 65 vs. > 65 years, with a total of 816 patients who were 54% male. The remaining three studies divided patients by age < 70 vs. > 70 years, with a total of 775 patients who were 63% male. Results demonstrated a significantly lower risk of post-TIPS HE (risk ratio (RR): 0.42, confidence interval (CI): 0.185 -0.953, P = 0.03, I 2 = 49%), 30-day mortality (RR: 0.37, CI: 0.188 -0.74, P = 0.005, I 2 = 0%), and 90-day mortality (RR: 0.35, CI: 0.24 -0.49, P = 0.001, I 2 = 0%) in patients aged > 70 vs. < 70 years, as well as a trend towards lower risk of 30-day readmission due to HE. There was no significant difference in post-TIPS HE, 30-day or 90-day mortality, or 30-day readmission due to HE between patients aged < 65 vs. > 65 years. Conclusion:Age > 70 years is associated with significantly higher rates of HE and 30-day and 90-day mortality rates in patients after undergoing TIPS, as well as a trend towards higher 30-day readmission due to HE.

Background and Aim Alcohol‐associated hepatitis (AAH) is an acute, inflammatory liver disease with severe short‐term and long‐term morbidity and mortality. AAH can lead to severe complications including hepatic failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, and the development or decompensation of cirrhosis. Rifaximin is an antibiotic that reduces bacterial overgrowth and gut translocation, and it may have a role in decreasing systemic inflammation and infection in patients with AAH. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the role of rifaximin in the management of AAH. Methods A comprehensive search strategy was used to identify studies that met our inclusion criteria in Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar. Outcomes of interest included rates of infection, 90‐day mortality, and overall mortality between the rifaximin versus non‐rifaximin group. Open Meta Analyst software was used to compute the results. Results Three studies with a total of 162 patients were included in the final meta‐analysis. Of the three studies, two were randomized control trials (RCTs), and one was a case–control study. There was a significantly lower rate of infection in the rifaximin group versus the non‐rifaximin group (RR: 0.331, 95% CI: 0.159–0.689, I2 = 0%, P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in 90‐day mortality in the rifaximin versus non‐rifaximin group (RR: 0.743, 95% CI: 0.298–1.850, I2 = 24%, P = 0.523), nor was there a significant difference in overall mortality (RR: 0.624, 95% 95% CI: 0.299–1.3, I2 = 7.1%, P = 0.208). Conclusions The use of rifaximin in AAH is associated with a lower rate of infection rate than the non‐rifaximin group. Additional research is needed to determine whether this effect is more pronounced in patients concurrently being treated with prednisolone. Differences in 90‐day or overall mortality did not reach statistical significance. Further studies, particularly large randomized controlled trials, are needed to establish the role of rifaximin in AAH, especially as an adjunct therapy with prednisolone.

Background and Aims: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is often used in patients with cirrhosis to manage portal hypertension-related complications. Unfortunately, 35-50% of patients develop overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after TIPS. However, data on lactulose and rifaximin to prevent post-TIPS HE is limited. Therefore, we aimed to perform a network meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of multiple pharmacological regimens in the prevention of post-TIPS HE. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy to identify reports of studies of rifaximin use on post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy was constructed using truncated keywords, phrases, and subject headings developed in Embase. This strategy was translated to MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Web of Science Core Collection, with all searches performed on 10 February 2022. No publication date or language limits were used. Results: The initial search identified 72 studies, and 56 studies were screened after removing duplicates. Five studies, two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three retrospective studies, met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. A total of 840 patients were included, with 65% male. Our meta- analysis did not find a statistically significant difference between lactulose vs placebo/no prophylaxis, nor rifaximin vs placebo/no prophylaxis, nor rifaximin plus lactulose vs placebo/no prophylaxis in the reduction of post-TIPS HE. Conclusions: Rifaximin alone, lactulose alone, and rifaximin plus lactulose did not significantly reduce the development of post-TIPS HE. Based on the P-scores of the three treatment groups, the combination of rifaximin plus lactulose showed the most promising trend towards preventing post-TIPS HE. More studies, especially large RCTs, are warranted.

We aimed to assess statin utilization as a function of calculated ASCVD risk score in HCV-infected individuals to further understand the implications of the inaccuracies with the Pooled Cohort Equation in estimating CVD risk in this population. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective study of HCV-infected individuals aged 40-75 years. The 10-year ASCVD risk score was calculated for each subject using the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equation. Statin use was determined by review of prescribed medications from 2019-2021. Results: A total of 1,077 subjects were included in analysis. The proportions of subjects being treated with a statin were calculated for ASCVD risk groups of , 5%, 5-7.4%, 7.5-9.9%, 10-19.9% and $ 20%. Statins were prescribed in 19/237 (8.0%), 18/131 (13.7%), 23/98 (23.5%), 112/361 (31.0%), and 134/250 (53.6%) respectively. For individuals with a 10-year risk $ 7.5%, a total of 269/709 (37.9%) were treated with a statin. Conclusion: Our results indicate that while statin utilization appropriately increases among HCV-infected individuals as 10-year ASCVD risk score increases, statins remain underutilized even in very high-risk individuals. With recent literature suggesting that the Pooled Cohort Equation underestimates CVD risk in HCV-infected individuals with a risk $ 7.5%, the importance of increasing efforts to increase statin use for primary CVD prevention in these patients is clear. Considerable retrospective data and limited prospective data are available that support the safety of statins in chronic liver disease, including compensated cirrhosis. Further prospective study to assure the safety and efficacy of statins in preventing CVD in HCV-infected population is warranted. (Table ) Chew KW, Bhattacharya D, Horwich TB, Yan P, McGinnis KA, Tseng C, et al. Performance of the Pooled Cohort atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score in hepatitis C virus-infected persons.

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