Results. Of the 90 colleges and schools of pharmacy that completed the survey, 7 colleges and schools did not currently have someone teaching pharmacoeconomics (eg, new school or looking for instructor). For the 83 colleges and schools that had an instructor who taught pharmacoeconomics, 69 covered pharmacoeconomic-related topics in a required course only; 5, in an elective course only; and 9, in both a required and elective course. The number of hours of pharmacoeconomic-related topics presented in required courses ranged from 1 to 48 hours (mean 5 21 6 14; median 5 19). Conclusions. Pharmacoeconomics education courses are offered at the majority of US colleges and schools of pharmacy. There was a wide range of hours devoted to pharmacoeconomic-related topics and the topics covered in these colleges and schools varied. Although the majority of US colleges and schools of pharmacy offer pharmacoeconomics courses, official guidelines are needed for the specific aspects and topics that should be covered in the classroom.
Patients on methadone should be monitored for signs of methadone toxicity upon the start of smoking cessation, and the dose of methadone should be adjusted accordingly. Additional information and reports cautioning clinicians and patients about this potential interaction would be beneficial.
Objective:To evaluate the reliability of a peer evaluation instrument in a longitudinal team-based learning setting.Methods:Student pharmacists were instructed to evaluate the contributions of their peers. Evaluations were analyzed for the variance of the scores by identifying low, medium, and high scores. Agreement between performance ratings within each group of students was assessed via intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).Results:We found little variation in the standard deviation (SD) based on the score means among the high, medium, and low scores within each group. The lack of variation in SD of results between groups suggests that the peer evaluation instrument produces precise results. The ICC showed strong concordance among raters.Conclusions:Findings suggest that our student peer evaluation instrument provides a reliable method for peer assessment in team-based learning settings.
Abstract:Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet agent indicated in the management of atherothrombotic conditions. Bleeding is a predictable adverse event associated with antiplatelet agents. While non-ulcerogenic; a major site of bleeding with clopidogrel is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The risk of GI bleeding with clopidogrel monotherapy is generally low; however, it increases with the presence of other risk factors such as aspirin use, advanced age, prior GI bleed, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids and anticoagulants. In patients with a prior GI bleed, the risk of recurrence is high and strategies to prophylactically mitigate the risk should be implemented. In this review, evidence supporting the use of proton pump inhibitors to reduce the risk of recurrent GI bleed is discussed. Recommendations on an appropriate regimen to diminish the risk are provided.
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