Objective: To determine the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the pulp of orthodontically intruded teeth and to test the sensitivity of these teeth by means of electrical pulp testing (EPT). Materials and Methods:The study sample consisted of 21 healthy subjects who needed extraction of first premolars for orthodontic reasons. In every subject, one premolar included in a 0.016Љ-0.022Љ stainless steel spring from the first molar and loaded by the force was regarded as a test tooth. The magnitude of the intrusive tipping force for every tooth was calculated with the use of ANSYS 10.0 software. The contralateral premolar was used as a control tooth. After 7 days, the spring was removed, and EPT was applied to test and control teeth. The teeth were extracted, and the dental pulp was removed. AST activity in the pulp was determined spectrophotometrically at 20ЊC. Results: Estimated mean AST activity values ranged from 0.572 Ϯ 0.097 U/mg in the test teeth to 0.348 Ϯ 0.053 U/mg in the control teeth (P Ͻ .01). The EPT test showed significant differences between test and control teeth (P Ͻ .001). The mean estimated magnitude of the intrusive tipping force was 61 Ϯ 4.5 g. Conclusion:Seven days of orthodontic intrusion can cause metabolic changes in the pulp expressed by increased AST activity. The increased threshold in the pulp reaction to EPT indicates changes in the neural response of the pulp.

A person feels more confident and secure with good financial skills and knowledge in the face of increased inflation, energy crisis and geopolitical uncertainty. Therefore, financial literacy is one of the most important skills necessary for a modern person. The basics of financial literacy are included in the programs of primary and secondary schools in Lithuania. So, students of Higher Education Institutions should have basic financial literacy knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study is to assess student’s level of financial literacy. For this reason, a survey of 1st year students of Kauno kolegija Higher Education Institution Technologies and Business Faculties was carried out in May – June of 2022. The survey consisted of questions and knowledge test tasks which were divided into four groups: budget, credits and debts, savings and investments, financial responsibility. The collected data were processed using the SPSS 29 software. It was assessed that the level of financial literacy of Kauno kolegija Higher Education Institution students is adequate. The quartile width of the financial literacy index of all respondents was about half of the total spread. That means that the spread of values between the quartiles is similar. It was observed that earning respondents are more tend to save than non-earning respondents when evaluating the differences in the context of saving habits. In addition, two-thirds of working students cut back on spending when money is tight. It was observed that the vast majority of working students do not tend to borrow from family or friends. A statistically reliable difference was obtained between the groups of working and non-working respondents when evaluating an investment, i.e. one third of working people tend to invest. Respondents named the main reasons for not investing: lack of knowledge and insufficient amount of money. Respondents who invest their savings usually choose to invest in cryptocurrencies, real estate, investment funds or their own business. Even four-fifths of unemployed students said that they wanted to learn more about money management when assessing their financial skills. The study found out that goal setting has a direct impact on reducing their expenses. In addition, a better financial situation makes it possible to regularly save and evaluate the financial situation before buying an expensive item. What is more, the ability to manage your finances directly depends on deepening your financial knowledge, encouraging you to compare prices when buying something, compare the conditions of different credit institutions. The received results show that the majority of Kauno kolegija Higher Education Institution students have a sufficient amount of general financial literacy knowledge, for example, they tend to plan their personal budget, borrow efficiently, correctly assess investment risks, inflation and interest rates, and have long-term financial goals.