Infective endocarditis (IE) poses a large diagnostic and therapeutical challenge. An early diagnosis is necessary for a positive outcome. Echocardiography is initial diagnostic method when there is a possibility of IE presence. TTE and TEE are useful in detection, accurate localisation and estimation of vegetation size, and also in detection of paravalvular spreading of infection. In certain situations, there is a need for usage of complementary methods like CCT and nuclear techniques. This article will outline advantages and limitations of certain diagnostic methods in diagnosis of IE.
Background/Aim. There are data on an increased stress level in primary health care workers. The aim of this paper was to investigate the state of stress among employees in the field of primary health care in order to identify the factors that most affect stress and groups that are particularly susceptible to stress. Methods. The study was conducted using a sample of 95 health care workers in the field of primary health care. Data were collected through an anonymous survey consisting of two parts. The first part of the survey included questions related to the characteristics of the workplace and professional and socio-demographic characteristics of the employees. The second part of the survey was based on the Behavioral Health Concepts (BHC) stress test, which is used to estimate the adaptation to stress across four dimensions: overall assessment, quality of life assessment, symptomatology, and level of functioning. Results. Although the total number of respondents fell under the group of moderate stress (mean = 3.97), using descriptive statistical analysis, it was discovered that, 4.2% of the respondents had an increased level of stress. The variance analysis demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.00) between the effects of educational variables (F = 11.68), workplace (F = 14.07) and work time (F = 9.16) on overall stress. Significant interaction between variables workplace and work time was also found [F (2.72) = 3.22; p < 0.046]. Conclusion. Primary health care employees have an increased level of stress, which depends on both the working conditions and the personal characteristics of the employees.
The paper presents the system for protection of consumers' collective interests in the Republic of Serbia and its development perspectives. The paper relies on certain results of the research conducted at the Union University School of Law, as well as on specific comparative legal approaches. The Law on Consumer Protection introduced an administrative procedure for collective consumer protection. Contended arguments in favour of that change were efficiency and low costs of administrative procedure. In practice, administrative protection has proven to be more effective than judicial protection, but the effect of deterring traders from actions that violate consumer rights has not been fully achieved. In that sense, the existing system of protection of consumers' collective interests in Serbia can be improved by modifying certain administrative measures and by introducing specific forms of alternative dispute resolution in Serbian consumer legislation. The novelties brought by the Directive on Representative actions, whose adoption can be expected very soon, have also been presented in the paper.
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