In the course of work being carried out in these laboratories, we investigated the preparation and reactivity of Grignard reagents prepared from 3-, 4-, and 6-inethylpyridine and 4-methylquinoline with bromine in the 2-position in each case. As has been shown by Wibaut and co-workers (2) for 2-bromopyridine, Grignard reagents of this type are not readily formed in good yield and are relatively unreactive toward other reagents, and although we tried a wide variety of solvents and reaction conditions, we were unable to do more than isolate in small yield the reaction products of the Grignard reagents with benzaldehyde, i.e. the methyl-substituted pyridyl-(and quinolyl-) phenyl carbinols. EXPERIMENTALThe metl~ylbromopyridines were prepared from the corresponding amino compounds, and 2-bromo-4-methylquinoline from 4-methylcarbostyril. Tetrahydrofuran was found to be the most satisfactory solvent for the pyridine conlpounds, and after addition of benzaldehyde to the solution of the Grignard reagent, followed by extraction, distillation in vacuo gave the carbinols in low yield. With the quinoline derivative, the best results were obtained using the "entrainment" method of Grignard (I), but again the yield of the carbinol was low; a small amount of the corresponding ketone was also isolated from the reaction mixture. The compounds produced are shown in the followillg table: For personal use only.
Izvod Jedan od obećavajućih izvora ulja za proizvodnju biodizela predstavljaju mikroalge čijim gajenjem se može proizvesti do 100 puta više biodizela po jedinici površine u odnosu na suncokret i uljanu repicu. Sadržaj ulja u mikroalgama može biti do 77% suve biomase, a produktivnost do 122 mg/l/d. U ovom radu je prikazan pregled dosadašnjih proučavanja mogućnosti korišćenja mikroalgi (tehnike izolovanja, gajenja i izdvajanja biomase, kao i načini konverzije ulja) za dobijanje biodizela. Prednosti upotrebe mikroalgi je povećana efikasnost proizvodnje, mogućnost gajenja u sredinama koje su neodgovarajuće za gajenje biljaka, pri čemu ne zahtevaju puno prostora za gajenje i nemaju negativan uticaj na svetske zalihe hrane i vode. Zbog trenutno većih proizvodnih troškova, mikroalge još uvek nisu održivi izbor za proizvodnju biodizela jer je cena biodizela iz mikroalgi veća od cene dizela.
The biodiesel production has gained increasing attention of the researches in recent years. Current commercial biodiesel production involves transesterification of oil derived from oil crops. Since this production is no more sustainable, the use of microalgae represents a good alternative. Microalgae have high growth rate, high oil content and can be cultured in the environment which are not suitable for agriculture. Additionally, microalgae cultivation improves the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Selection of microalgae for oil production must take into consider certain criteria which include growth rate, oil content, fatty acids profile and ease of separation. In order to analyze the possibility of the use of microalgae for the production of oil, isolation of freshwater microalgae was performed. The isolation was done by the use of traditional techniques from freshwaters near Leskovac. A total number of 6 microalgae strains were isolated and identified as the representatives of the genera Chlorococcum (1 isolate), Chlorella (1 isolate), Scenedesmus (1 isolate) and Desmodesmus (3 isolates). Isolates of microalgae were screened for the growth rate, biomass and oil productivity and oil content. The highest content of biomass was 1.5 g/l and it was observed in the strains Chlorococcum sp. and Desmodesmus sp. 1. The highest value of specific growth rate was calculated during the growth of microalgae Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp. and Desmodesmus sp.1, while the lowest value was observed for Chlorococcum sp. Oil productivity was the highest for Chlorella sp. and Desmodesmus sp.1 (0,4 g/l) and the lowest for Desmodesmus sp.2, Desmodesmus sp.3 and Chlorococcum sp. (0,2 g/l). The oil content was in the range from 15.8% (Chlorococcum sp.) to 33% (Chlorella sp). Since the microalgae isolates Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. had the highest oil productivity, high growth rate and high oil content, these strains are the most suitable for further investigation in order to improve the oil yield and analyse the possibility of the use in the production of biodiesel.
Zur Prüfung der bactericiden Wirkung von quaternären Bis‐(2‐oxyäthyl)‐ammonium‐verbindungen mit höheren Kohlenwasserstoffresten wurden Decyl‐, Hexadecyl, Octadec‐9‐enyl, 11‐Cyclopent‐2′‐enyl‐n‐undecyl‐ und 13‐Cyclopent‐2′‐enyl‐n‐tridecyl‐bis‐(2″‐oxyäthyl)‐amine und die entsprechenden Amine, welche die den im Chaulmoograöl vorhandenen Fettsäuren entsprechenden Reste enthalten, hergestellt und mit Benzylchlorid umgesetzt. Diese quaternären Ammonium‐salze besitzen eine hohe bactericide Wirksamkeit. Sie töten innerhalb von 2.5 Minuten S. aureus und B. Gaertner in Verdünnungen von 1: 1000 bis 1: 10000 ab.
Waste glycerol from biodiesel production is a valuable raw material that has been used to produce valuable microbial metabolites. In this work, the possibility of microbial utilization of waste glycerol obtained as a by-product in biodiesel production from sunflower and rapeseed oil by the lactic acid bacterium Enterococcus faecalis MK3-10A on a laboratory level was studied. For comparison, pure glycerol and glucose were used as carbon sources. The kinetics of the microbial biomass growth, the carbon source utilization, and the lactic acid production were monitored. The bacterium E. faecalis MK3-10A better grew in the media with glucose or pure glycerol as a carbon source, but the lactic acid production rate was the highest (14.6 mg/(ml/day)) in the medium with waste glycerol from the sunflower oil-based biodiesel production. Therefore, this waste glycerol might be a promising carbon source for lactic acidbacteria cultivation and lactic acid production.
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