Background: It has been long known that Helicobacter species are one of the leading causes in gastrointestinal diseases. Recently, it is emerging as one of the causes leading to gallbladder diseases, such as gallbladder cancer and gallstones. The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between Helicobacter species and gallbladder cancer and gallstones.Method: This meta-analysis assessed case-control studies from the year 2001 to 2022. A comprehensive literature search was performed in Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, dan Plos One. Review manager 5.4.1, along with the Mantel Haenszel method, was utilized to analyze the data extraction. The methodological index was utilized to assess the risk of bias from the included studies. The odds ratio is calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. P 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Twenty case-control studies from the year 2001 to 2018 with a total number of 2,065 participants were included. We found that there is a low risk of bias and a significant difference between the control group and the experimental group; gallbladder cancer (random effect: OR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.35–4.19; p = 0.003) and gallstones (fixed effect: OR = 4.17; 95% CI: 2.71– 4.62; p = 0.00001).Conclusion: Results of this meta-analysis demonstrated that the patients with Helicobacter species have an increased risk of gallbladder cancer and gallstones.
Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammation of the pancreas, a serious emergency with no definitive treatment. It may progress to infected necrosis, non-pancreatitis infection, also death that may occur within the first 1 to 2 weeks. The use of prophylactic antibiotics in AP to prevent complications remains a controversy. The objective of this meta-analysis is to assess the benefit of prophylaxis antibiotics administration to prevent the complication.Method: Trials were identified by searching the medical database. Literature range is within the year 1975 to 2021. Review Manager 5.4.1 was used to analyse data extraction and risk of bias of included studies were elaborated. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI). P 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Twenty trials with a total of 1.287 patients of AP were analysed; 646 patients treated with antibiotic prophylaxis and 641 patients treated with placebo. Prophylaxis antibiotics were found to have significant difference between the two groups. The administration of prophylaxis antibiotics lower the risk of non-pancreatic infections (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62–0.95; p 0.05) and infected pancreatic necrosis (RR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.94; p 0.05). Meanwhile, prophylaxis antibiotics were found to be insignificant to lower the risk of mortality (RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.54-1.03; p 0.05). Conclusion: Prophylaxis antibiotics lower the risk of non-pancreatic infections and infected pancreatic necrosis, but did not lower the risk of mortality.
Background: There are a lot of theories about how Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection affects many diseases, one of them is Diabetes Mellitus (DM). However, the relation remains controversial between DM and HBV as an infection. This study aims to evaluate HBV infection as a risk factor for developing DM.Method: A systematic review was performed using medical search engines such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect and GoogleScholar. References until February 2021 that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The primary outcome was the prevalence of DM. Authors also perform Subgroup analyses based on study type. The extracted data were analyzed using RevMan 5.4 application.Results: A total of 20 studies were analyzed with 245,468,411 subjects included. In which divided into two groups, patients with HBV infected group and non infected HBV group. Authors found that there is a statistically difference between patients with HBV infected groups and non infected HBV groups on the primary outcome which is the prevalence of DM (OR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10-1.41; p = 0.0006). Authors also found the same results based on study type both in case-control (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.08-2.85; p = 0.02) and cross-sectional (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.05-1.85; p = 0.02) studies. Meanwhile in Cohort studies the results show no statistically significant difference between the two groups (OR = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.87-1.33; p = 0.52). Conclusion: HBV infected patients have a higher risk of developing DM than patients without HBV infection.
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