This study shows that XG + 10 g kg(-1) GG and CF + 5 g kg(-1) GG could be used in LF mayonnaise formulations based on its multiple functions on processing properties.

IntroductionThe removal of toxic and heavy metals from wastewater is a matter of great interest in the field of water management. Recently, removal of heavy metal ions from industrial waste effluents has become more challenging due to the implementation of stricter laws and regulations to restrict the concentration of pollutants discharged into waters and soil to less than 1 mg/kg. Traditional methods of metal ion removal become inefficient at eliminating metal ions below this concentration. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative ways to feasibly remove ion pollutants to reach the required low concentration (Yang, et al., 2009). One possible approach is to use sorbents of biological origin to remove toxic metals from dilute aqueous solutions. Biological sorbents generated from food and agricultural industry waste, such as waste eggshells and its derivatives, are considered to be an economical source. If low-cost biological sorbents can be used in the wastewater pre-treatment process, the overall management cost will be reduced significantly (Chojnacka, 2005). Moreover, it is a 'green' approach as these sorbents are generally biodegradable and hence, more environmentally friendly. Original paper Removal of Nickel and Silver Ions Using Eggshells with Membrane, Eggshell Membrane, and EggshellsNickel is a common, non-biodegradable toxic heavy metal ion present in wastewater. The main source of nickel pollution in the water derives from industrial production processes such as galvanization, smelting, mining, batteries manufacturing, and metal finishing. The presence and accumulation of nickel in industrial effluents is known to have toxic or carcinogenic effect on living species. Therefore, it is crucial to eliminate nickel ions from wastewaters. As an economical and efficient method, the adsorption technique has been widely applied to remove heavy metal ions such as nickel from wastewater (Yang et al., 2009).Different adsorbents such as activated carbon (Hasar, 2003), husk of Lathyrus sativus (Panda et al., 2007), olive stone waste (Fiol et al., 2006), bagasse and fly ash (Rao et al., 2002), mordenite (Wang et al., 2007) and crab shells (Pradhan et al., 2005) ion regulatory failure in crayfish and daphnids (Bianchini et al., 2003; Grosell et al., 2002). More recently, Ag + has been shown to impair neurodevelopment in neuronotypic cells (Power et al., 2010). Since silver is widely used in various industries due to its excellent malleability, conductivity, thermal conductivity, etc., sources for silver have become rarer as its future usage increases (Purcell et al., 1998). Its wide applications have produced a fair amount of silver waste. Therefore, effective removal and recovery of Ag + has also become a critical task.Hen eggshell waste is widely produced in households and food industries such as restaurants and bakeries. In this study, weproposed to use hen eggshells as a low-cost biological adsorbent of nickel and silver ions. Whole eggshells or eggshells with membrane (ESWM) consist of ...

No abstract

Peptides are fragments of fundamental protein sequences that may have health benefits in addition to basic dietary benefits. Recently, we have reported on the pharmacological benefits of alcalase potato protein hydrolysate (APPH) and bioactive peptides isolated from APPH. The aim was to evaluate the synergistic effect of exercise along with DIKTNKPVIF (DF) peptides in ameliorating hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) rats. We examined ECG parameters, lipid profiles, cardiac markers, and histology, and quantified the proteins associated with fibrosis, hypertrophy, apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and longevity pathways. DF peptide administration, along with exercise, reduced the blood pressure and cardiac marker levels in serum. Furthermore, it also suppressed the expression of fibrosis markers COL1A1, CTGF, and uPA and downregulated cardiac-hypertrophy-associated markers such as calcineurin, NFATC3, GATA4, pGATA4 and BNP. Exercise synergistically increases the expression of IFG1, PI3K, and AKT cell-survival pathway proteins, along with DF administration. Moreover, AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α/FOXO3 pathway protein expression was increased with the combinatorial administration of DF and exercise. Our data suggest that exercise, along with DF peptides, act synergistically in alleviating hypertension by activating the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway.

Eggshells offer many advantages as adsorbents, such as affordability without special preparations other than pulverization and calcination. However, the manufacturing industry generally has a severe problem with high concentrations of heavy metals in wastewater. The purpose of this study was to use eggshell byproducts and calcined eggshell treatment for the adsorption of copper in an aqueous solution. The reaction time, metal concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and pH were evaluated using primary factors followed by the response surface method (RSM) to investigate the optimum conditions for eggshell byproducts and calcined eggshell adsorption treatment. The results of the one-factor-at-a-time experiment showed that the optimal adsorption rate was obtained from treatment at 24 h, 25 mg/L, 10 mg, and 25 °C. In addition, the effect of pH on the adsorption rates of eggshells and eggshells with membrane were detected at pH values of 5 and 5.9 and found to be 95.2, 90.5, and 73.3%. The reaction surface experiment showed that the best adsorption rate reached 99.3% after calcination at 900 °C for 2 h and a 20 min reaction. The results showed that eggshells, eggshell membranes, eggshells with membrane, and calcined eggshells could be applied to remove copper ions from industrial wastewater. The adsorption capacity of the calcined eggshell is better than that of the non-calcined eggshell and has good neutrality in acidic industrial wastewater. Therefore, it is convenient and practical for practical production and application. Likewise, this study conveys promising findings in the context of improving wastewater treatment based on a circular economy approach to waste reuse in the food industry and represents a valuable direction for future research.

Bioactive peptides are physiologically active peptides produced from proteins by gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation, or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. Bioactive peptides are resorbed in their whole form and have a preventive effect against various disease conditions, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence showing that physiologically active peptides may have a function in sports nutrition. The present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of dipeptide (IF) from alcalase potato protein hydrolysates and exercise training in hypertensive (SHR) rats. Animals were divided into five groups. Bioactive peptide IF and swimming exercise training normalized the blood pressure and decreased the heart weight. Cardiac, hepatic, and renal functional markers also normalized in SHR rats. The combined administration of IF peptide and exercise offer better protection in SHR rats by downregulating proteins associated with myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and inflammation. Remarkably, peptide treatment alongside exercise activates the PI3K/AKT cell survival pathway in the myocardial tissue of SHR animals. Further, the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway (AMPKα1, SIRT1, and PGC1α) was synergistically activated by the combinatorial treatment of IF and exercise. Exercise training along with IF administration could be a possible approach to alleviating hypertension.

Well-documented stability studies on iron-fortified food are limited due to the complexity of ingredients and processing methods. Here, we performed a comprehensive stability evaluation on iron-fortified milk powder with various iron contents and packaging methods. Free fatty acid increased gradually over a 9 month storage period in both iron-fortified and non iron-fortified formulas, regardless of the packaging methods. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value level remained stable in anaerobic packaging condition but increased in aerobic condition. Lipid oxidation was highest in Fe(III)-fortified formula. We showed significant increment of browning reactions, moisture and water activities in aerobic condition, especially in iron-fortified formulas, while no significant changes in anaerobic-packaged formulas. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed highest porosity in Fe(III)-fortified formula. Our results showed Fe(III)-fortified formula has the lowest stability in aerobic condition but its stability improved significantly with vacuum/anaerobic packaging. Thus, our studies contribute to understanding and improving the processing and quality of iron-fortified food.

Since the 1990s, the prevalence of mental illnesses, such as depression, has been increasing annually and has become a major burden on society. Due to the many side effects of antidepressant drugs, the development of a complementary therapy from natural materials is an urgent need. Therefore, this study used a complex extract of chlorella and lion's mane mushroom and evaluated its antidepressant effects. Six-month-old male senescence-accelerated mice prone-8 (SAMP8) were divided into positive control; negative control; and low, medium, and high-dose groups. All groups were treated with corticosterone (CORT) at 40 mg/Kg/day for 21- days to induce depression in the animals, and the effects of different test substances on animal behavior was observed. The positive control group was intraperitoneally injected with a tricyclic antidepressant (Fluoxetine, as tricyclic antidepressant), the control group was given ddH2O, and the test substance groups were administered test samples once daily for 21 days. The open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were applied for behavior analyses of depression animal models. The OFT results showed that the mice in the positive control and the medium-, and high-dose groups demonstrated a significantly prolonged duration in the central area and a significantly increased travel distance. In the FST, the positive control and the medium, and high-dose groups displayed significantly reduced immobility times relative to the control group. The blood analysis results showed significant decreases in triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels relative to the positive control and the medium- and high-dose groups. Notably, in the positive control and the medium- and high-dose groups, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increase by more than in the control group. In summary, medium and high dose of extract of chlorella and lion's mane mushroom could improve depression behavior in animals and have the potential to be antidepressant health care products.