Everyone knows what paying attention is, yet not everybody knows what this means in cognitive and brain function terms. The attentive state can be defined as a state of optimal activation that allows selecting the sources of information and courses of action in order to optimize our interaction with the environment in accordance with either the saliency
Resumen: En el presente estudio se ha intentado comprobar cómo interactúan el empowerment psicológico, la satisfacción laboral y la identificación laboral. Además, se exploraron las consecuencias de la disminución de la retribución económica en el empowerment. Para ello, seleccionamos una muestra de diferentes grupos laborales que se habían visto afectados de manera desigual tras la crisis, concretamente: docentes, sanitarios y cuerpos de seguridad del estado. A partir de los datos obtenidos comprobamos que el componente económico del apoyo sociopolítico no es suficiente para predecir variaciones en el empowerment, así como tampoco variabilidad en la satisfacción e identificación de cada grupo. No obstante, sí que encontramos una relación significativa positiva entre satisfacciónempowerment e identificación-empowerment, tal y como se esperaba, pero no entre identificación-satisfacción.
Inhibitory Control (IC) is the ability to prevent prepotent responses when inappropriate. Longitudinal research on IC development has mainly focused on early childhood and adolescence, while research on IC development in the first years of life is still scarce. In order to address this gap in literature, we explored the association between executive attention (EA) and elementary forms of IC in infancy and toddlerhood with individual differences IC later at 5 years of age. We conducted a five-wave longitudinal study in which children’s EA and IC (n=96) were tested at the age of 9 and 16-18 months, and at 2, 3 and 5 years. We expected that EA skills in infancy and toddlerhood would be related to better performance of children in IC tasks, together with a more mature inhibition-related brain functioning. Children performed a variety of age-appropriate EA and IC tasks in each wave measuring inhibition of attention, endogenous control of attention, inhibition of the response and conflict inhibition. At age 5 years, IC was measured with a Go/No-go task while recording event-related potentials. EA at 9 months was related to IC measures up to 3 years of age whereas EA at 16 months was associated with sustained attention during the Go/No-go task. Measures of IC at 2 years consistently predicted performance on the Go/No-go task at behavioral and neural levels. These results suggest that early emergence of IC relies on particular EA and basic IC skills providing further support to the hierarchical model of IC development.
Brain function rapidly changes in the first two years of life. In the las decades, resting-state EEG has been widely used to explore those changes. Previous studies have focused on the relative power of the signal in canonical frequency bands (i.e., theta, alpha, beta, gamma). However, EEG power is a mixture of a 1/f-like background power (aperiodic) in combination with narrow peaks that appear over that curve (periodic activity; e.g., alpha peak). Therefore, it is possible that the relative power captures both, aperiodic and periodic bran activity, misleading actual periodic changes in infancy. For this reason, we explored the early developmental trajectory of the relative power in the canonical frequency bands from infancy to toddlerhood, and compared it to changes in periodic activity in a longitudinal study with three waves of data collection at age 6, 9 and 16 to 18 months. Finally, we analysed whether periodic activity and/or aperiodic components of the EEG contributed to explain age-changes in relative power. We found that relative power and periodic activity trajectories differed in this period in all the frequency bands but alpha, and we replicated an increment of alpha peak frequency. We found that age-changes in aperiodic parameters (exponent and offset) depend on the frequency range. More importantly, only alpha relative power was directly related to periodic activity but other frequency bands was predicted also by aperiodic components. This suggest that relative power is capturing the developmental changes of the aperiodic brain activity and, therefore, more fine-grained measures are needed.
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