In this prospective cohort study of 434 mother–infant pairs from the ECLIPSES study, we examine the association between maternal vitamin B12 status at the beginning and end of pregnancy and the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants 40 days after birth in a pregnant population from a Mediterranean region of northern Spain. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations were determined in the first and third trimesters, and sociodemographic, nutritional, and psychological data were collected. At 40 days postpartum, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (BSID-III, cognitive, language, and motor skills) were administered to the infants and several obstetrical data were recorded. In the multivariable models, medium maternal first-trimester vitamin B12 levels (312 to 408 pg/mL, tertile 2) were associated with better neonatal performance in the motor, gross motor, language, and cognitive skills with respect to tertile 1 (<312 pg/mL). The probability of obtaining a neonatal motor, gross motor, and receptive language score >75th percentile was significantly higher also in the tertile 2 group. In summary, good maternal vitamin B12 status in the early stage of pregnancy appears to be associated with better infant motor, language, and cognitive performance at 40 days postpartum.
The objective of this study was to know the relationship between dietary intake (DI) and body composition (BC) with the metabolic syndrome (MS) among university students. A total of 50 students (56% female) among 19 and 25 years of age (M = 20.58, SD = 1.86), completed a questionnaire aimed at assessing DI, in addition biochemical and BC parameters were collected. According to the percentage of body fat (BF), a high prevalence of overweight (22%) and obesity (38%) was identified. In addition, visceral fat increased as the BF increased. In both sexes, there was a low consumption of carbohydrates and high in lipids, mostly of animal fat as well as high consumption of saturated fats, but low omegas 3 y 6. The MS was identified in 20% of the sample, mainly in women. The most frequently risk criteria were low levels of HDL cholesterol, followed by abdominal obesity; whereas the most frequent dyslipidemia was hypertriglyceridemia. In this study, although no direct relationship was found between DI and MS, it was found between MS and BC indicators. It is imminent the need to implement strategies that allow university students to acquire healthy eating and physical activity habits. Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la relación de la ingesta alimentaria (IA) y la composición corporal (CMC) con el síndrome metabólico (SM) entre estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 50 alumnos (56% mujeres) de entre 19 y 25 años de edad (M = 20.58, DE = 1.86), quienes completaron un cuestionario dirigido a evaluar IA, además se recabaron parámetros bioquímicos y de CMC. De acuerdo con el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PG), se identificó una alta ocurrencia de sobrepeso (22%) y obesidad (38%). Además, la grasa visceral incrementó conforme aumentó el PG. En ambos sexos existió un consumo bajo de hidratos de carbono y alto en lípidos, mayormente de origen animal, así como alto consumo de grasas saturadas, pero bajo de omegas 3 y 6. El SM fue identificado en 20% de la muestra, principalmente mujeres. El criterio de riesgo más frecuente fueron bajos niveles séricos de colesterol HDL, seguido de la obesidad abdominal; en tanto que la dislipidemia más frecuente fue la hipertrigliceridemia. En este estudio, aunque no se encontró relación directa entre IA y SM, si de éste con indicadores de CMC. Resulta inminente la necesidad de implementar estrategias que permitan a los estudiantes universitarios adquirir hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física saludables.
This review aims to provide scientific evidence of the role of oxidative stress in the development of cognitive impairment and its progression to Alzheimer's disease. Oxidative stress originates when there is an uncontrolled production of free radicals that disrupts the balance between oxidants and antioxidants, favoring oxidants. It has been associated with oxidative stress with the pathogenesis of brain aging, cognitive impairment and some neurological diseases. The cells of the central nervous system produce a high amount of free radicals since their energy demand is high, this coupled with a low antioxidant capacity, favors the appearance of a pro-oxidant environment that contributes to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent form of dementia, it is characterized by neurodegenerative changes that occur with cognitive impairment, progressive impairment of memory and thought, until preventing the performance of daily life activities. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by the presence of extracellular deposits of β-amyloid peptide in the form of neurofibrillar plaques and clews; lesions capable of generating damage and neuronal death that lead to cognitive failure through the generation of more free radicals
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