IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease whose presentation is dependent on host defenses, whereas neuroimmune disregulations are a feature of major depressive disorder (MDD). There are complex interactions between the immune and nervous systems; Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a) has been shown to play a role in the pathophysiology of both TB and MDD. These diseases are prevalent in Mexico, however there is scant research addressing their comorbidity and related immune mechanisms.ObjectivesEvaluate differences in TNF-a levels and quality of life between subjects with TB and/or MDD.MethodsThirty-seven subjects (MDD = 10, TB = 9, TB + MDD = 8, controls = 10) were recruited. Instruments used were the SCID-I, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Scale and the World Health Organization Quality of Life survey. A blood sample was obtained from each subject to assess percentage of mononuclear cells positive for TNF-a, using an intracellular cytokines assay.ResultsHighest mean levels of TNF-a were found in the comorbid TB + MDD group (X = 10.46, DE = 14.59) while the control group had the lowest levels (X = 3.26, DE = 4.93). However, when comparing all groups, no statistically significant differences were found. Mean quality of life scores were lower in the MDD (X = 65.6, DE = 5.4) and TB + MDD (X = 66.2, DE = 14.5) groups. When comparing all groups, there were significant differences between TB vs. MDD (p = 0.013), TB vs. TB + MDD (p = 0.004) and MDD vs. control (p = 0.0002) groups.ConclusionsNo significant differences across groups were found regarding TNF-a levels, while subjects with MDD and TB + MDD showed a worse quality of life.
Introduction. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 5% of the world population, with symptoms that may persist into adulthood. Despite the findings on the clinical course of this disorder, information regarding comorbidity patterns, psychosocial and executive functioning in adult life in those with and without ADHD in Latin American samples is scarce. Objective. The aim of this study is to compare the comorbidity pattern, psychosocial, and executive functioning of adults with and without ADHD from a clinical sample. Method. One hundred and fifty-one patients between 20 and 45 years, with screened positively on ASRS-V1.1, were invited to continue an evaluation process as part of clinical research program (PROMETEO): 1) K-SADS-PL Mx interview, 2) MINI-Plus interview, ASRS-V1-1 18 item version, BRIEF self-reported questionnaire, SCQA-ADHD, and 3) Individual case review by clinical expert in ADHD. Results. Individuals in the ADHD group had a higher average of comorbid disorders (2.5 SD 1.1 vs. 1.3 SD 1.0 respectively, F = .439; t = -6.621; df = 149; p < .001), more likelihood of procrastinating (OR = 6.5; 95% CI[2.6, 16.2]; z = 4.0) and were more likely to present difficulties in both the behavior regulation index (OR = 104.9; 95% CI[31.8, 345.7]; z = 7.65) and the metacognitive index (OR = 94.79; 95% CI[29.10, 308.76]; z = 7.56) compared to the non-ADHD group, regardless of gender. Discussion and conclusions. Our results indicate that the ADHD adult group presented with more comorbidity, and worse psychosocial and executive functioning than non-ADHD adults.
Introduction: Internet addiction is becoming a serious mental health problem in some countries, and has been proposed for inclusion in DSM-V. Social network sites (SNS) are proliferating and have attracted millions. However, there has been recent concern about potential abuse of social web, suggesting that "Facebook addiction" could be another subcategory of the spectrum of Internet addiction disorders. Unfortunately, there is sparse data to show whether SNS are of benefit or detriment to mental health. Objectives: 1. Exemplify how excessive use of SNS may lead to dysfunction. 2. Summarize recent knowledge on the impact SNS may have on mental health. Aims: We present a case of a 14-year-old adolescent who was referred to our institution due to excessive Internet/Facebook use, leading to some risky behaviors. Subsequently, we embark on a literature review about outcomes on mental health associated with SNS use. Methods: We conducted a literature review of journal articles from EMBASE, MEDLINE and PSYCINFO, using the keywords "social network", "Facebook" and "addiction". Papers published from 2006 to 2011 were selected on the basis of relevant information contained in the title/abstract. Results: A brief summary of all relevant articles shall be presented in table format. Conclusions: Nowadays Facebook is the most popular SNS, allowing users to real-time interaction and increased socialization, being used for personal, academic or work purposes. Personal information on SNS can be maliciously used by others, and may reflect user's habits, personality traits and psychopathology. Mental health professionals should be aware of Internet addiction disorders.
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