An abnormality in platelet aggregability or fibrinolysis, namely elevated activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has been recently documented in patients suffering from Klinefelter's syndrome associated with leg ulceration without underlying venous insufficiency. To determine whether increased PAI-1 activity is a general feature of Klinefelter's syndrome, or more specifically associated with leg ulceration, we investigated PAI-1 influencing parameters and PAI-1 activity in two groups of patients: (i) Klinefelter patients suffering from leg ulceration (n = 7); and (ii) Klinefelter patients without leg ulceration (n = 6). On analysing PAI-1 influencing parameters such as age, body mass index, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, testosterone, smoking behaviour, the presence of diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension, respectively, we found no statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, PAI-1 activity in group 1 was highly significantly elevated compared with that in group two patients (P < 0.005). We conclude that (i) PAI-1 activity is not elevated in Klinefelter's syndrome in general; (ii) elevation of PAI-1 activity in patients suffering from Klinefelter's syndrome does not appear to be secondary to PAI-1 influencing parameters; and (iii) elevation of PAI-1 activity may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of leg ulceration in Klinefelter's syndrome. Therefore, a therapy for leg ulceration in Klinefelter's syndrome that aims to return the elevated PAI-1 activity to normal should be explored.

An abnormality in platelet aggregability or fibrinolysis, namely elevated activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has been recently documented in patients suffering from Klinefelter's syndrome associated with leg ulceration without underlying venous insufficiency. To determine whether increased PAI-1 activity is a general feature of Klinefelter's syndrome, or more specifically associated with leg ulceration, we investigated PAI-1 influencing parameters and PAI-1 activity in two groups of patients: (i) Klinefelter patients suffering from leg ulceration (n = 7); and (ii) Klinefelter patients without leg ulceration (n = 6). On analysing PAI-1 influencing parameters such as age, body mass index, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, testosterone, smoking behaviour, the presence of diabetes mellitus, and arterial hypertension, respectively, we found no statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, PAI-1 activity in group 1 was highly significantly elevated compared with that in group two patients (P < 0.005). We conclude that (i) PAI-1 activity is not elevated in Klinefelter's syndrome in general; (ii) elevation of PAI-1 activity in patients suffering from Klinefelter's syndrome does not appear to be secondary to PAI-1 influencing parameters; and (iii) elevation of PAI-1 activity may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of leg ulceration in Klinefelter's syndrome. Therefore, a therapy for leg ulceration in Klinefelter's syndrome that aims to return the elevated PAI-1 activity to normal should be explored.

Five, ten and fifteen min after sublingual administration of 10mg isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in chewing capsules, in 10 patients with coronary artery disease, ISDN plasma levels were correlated with the dilation of epicardial coronary arteries as well as with changes in aortic blood pressure and heart rate. Due to the rapid and extensive drug absorption, maximal ISDN plasma levels averaged 138 +/- 73 ng ml-1 and were already obtained after 5 min; they declined to 102 +/- 76 and 62 +/- 34 ng ml-1 in the 10th and 15th min respectively. In 7 patients isosorbide mononitrate plasma levels were still negligibly low (less than 30 ng ml-1). Mean diameters of 'normal' coronary segments increased by an average of 20 +/- 10%, 26 +/- 11% and 27 +/- 13% (P less than 0.001) at 5, 10 and 15 min respectively compared to control. The maximal drop in systolic aortic pressure (147 +/- 19 to 115 +/- 15 mmHg; P less than 0.01) as well as the maximal increase in heart rate (66 +/- 4 to 80 +/- 11 beats min-1; P less than 0.01) were observed in the 15th min; diastolic aortic pressure and double product remained constant. Due to the long persistence of coronary dilation and haemodynamic changes, none of these drug effects correlated significantly with the ISDN plasma levels. In addition, the minimal diameters of 10 coronary stenoses were measured in 7 patients; with ISDN 7 stenoses showed dilation ranging from 23% to 98%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In isolated atherosclerotic human coronary arteries endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation is abolished with acetylcholine whereas another EDRF-dependent vasodilator, substance P, still produces significant relaxation. To study further these in vitro findings, graded doses of acetylcholine and substance P, which produced no systemic effects, were infused into the left anterior descending artery of patients with angiographically moderate coronary artery disease. The effects of acetylcholine and substance P on LAD diameter were analysed by quantitative angiography. Generally, acetylcholine caused no relaxation but concentration-dependent contraction from 1.67 +/- 0.06 mm to 1.45 +/- 0.09 mm (P less than 0.01), whereas substance P dilated the arteries to 1.89 +/- 0.10 mm (P less than 0.01). In contrast, both drugs caused a marked increase in great cardiac vein oxygen saturation, indicating an increase of coronary flow. The results suggest that the failure of the atherosclerotic epicardial human coronary artery to vasodilate in response to acetylcholine represents a muscarinic endothelial defect. The preserved vasodilation with substance P in the presence of a refractoriness to acetylcholine suggests that atherosclerotic human coronary endothelial cells exposed to appropriate non-muscarinic stimuli are still capable to release EDRF and that atherosclerotic smooth muscle retains a responsive receptor mechanism for EDRF.

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Conclusions:These results confirm the feasibility of isolating cf-DNA not only from patients with malignancies, but also with PA. With current technology the cf-DNA amount and integrity that were obtained suggest the feasibility of using this strategy to detect malignancies. However, at present the results obtained in this study do not support the use of this approach to pinpoint PA with APA based on identification of KCNJ5 mutations. Therefore, further work is needed to develop this innovative and non-invasive strategy that could be useful to pinpoint the patients with APA before the AVS.