Acidic soils rapidly retain applied phosphorus fertilizers and consequently present low availability of this nutrient to plants. the use of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms to help plant phosphorus (P) absorption is a promising sustainable strategy for managing P deficiencies in agricultural soils. Trichoderma strains have been one of the most studied filamentous fungi for improving the production and development of several crop species mainly due to their capability for symbiotic associations and their ability to control soil-borne plant diseases. Thus, this work sought to bioprospect Trichoderma strains from the Amazon rainforest capable of solubilizing/mineralizing soil phosphate and promoting soybean growth. Soybean plants inoculated with selected Trichoderma strains were cultivated in soil under greenhouse conditions and under a gradient of rock phosphate and triple superphosphate. As a result, 19.5% of the isolated Trichoderma strains were able to solubilize phosphate. In addition, those strains produced different organic acids during the solubilization process. Trichoderma spp. strains showed positive responses in the promotion of soybean growth-from 2.1% to 41.1%-as well as in the efficiency of P uptake-up to 141%. These results reveal the potential of Trichoderma spp. from the Amazon biome as promising biofertilizer agents.The high demand for fertilizers used in Brazilian agriculture is a result of the growing population, which necessitates an increase in food production 1 . Brazil is the second-largest supplier of food and agricultural products and expected to be the leading producer of food to meet global demand in the near future 2 . Thus, applications of fertilizer are a routine activity in agricultural production as an attempt to promote crop growth to increase productivity. The requirement of fertilizers in the field results in the accumulation of those inputs in soils and water and, therefore, environmental pollution, causing problems to human and animal health 1,3 . In the future, Brazilian agriculture has to identify alternatives to reduce its dependence on chemical fertilizers while at the same time functioning in a lucrative and more sustainable way 4 .A range of nutrients is important for plant growth 5 , but the ones that limit agricultural production the most are nitrogen and phosphorus, which are important in the initial development of the plant 6,7 . Nitrogen fertilization in Brazil has decreased significantly with use of symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria 8,9 . However, Brazilian agriculture continues to depend on chemical phosphate fertilization 4 . The role of P in the plant is associated with three essential biochemical processes: energy production, respiration, and photosynthesis. P is also involved in enzymatic processes and is a component of nucleic acids and cell membranes [10][11][12][13] . Phosphorus is generally found in the lowest concentration in the soil, 0.01%, compared to 0.14% of nitrogen, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions 14,15 . Although ...
Plants modulate the soil microbiota by root exudation assembling a complex rhizosphere microbiome with organisms spanning different trophic levels. Here, we assessed the diversity of bacterial, fungal and cercozoan communities in landraces and modern varieties of wheat. The dominant taxa within each group were the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria; the fungi phyla Ascomycota, Chytridiomycota and Basidiomycota; and the Cercozoa classes Sarcomonadea, Thecofilosea and Imbricatea. We showed that microbial networks of the wheat landraces formed a more intricate network topology than that of modern wheat cultivars, suggesting that breeding selection resulted in a reduced ability to recruit specific microbes in the rhizosphere. The high connectedness of certain cercozoan taxa to bacteria and fungi indicated trophic network hierarchies where certain predators gain predominance over others. Positive correlations between protists and bacteria in landraces were preserved as a subset in cultivars as was the case for the Sarcomonadea class with Actinobacteria. The correlations between the microbiome structure and plant genotype observed in our results suggest the importance of top-down control by organisms of higher trophic levels as a key factor for understanding the drivers of microbiome community assembly in the rhizosphere.
Intensive agriculture requires large inputs of chemicals to avoid losses caused by pathogen infections. Exploring the rhizosphere of plants, which is an area with enormous abundance and diversity of microorganisms, represents a promising strategy to protect plants from pathogens in a sustainable way. Recent studies revealed the importance of soil microbiome in the process of natural plant defense and how current management practices can interfere in the dynamics of these microbial communities shaping a protective microbiome. This review emphasizes the main findings related to changes in rhizosphere microbiome composition and functions during plant infection by soilborne pathogens. Understanding plant-microbiome interactions in the rhizosphere is key to develop microbiome-based strategies for assembling beneficial protective resident microbial communities in production systems.
Ilha Grande National Park is an important conservation unit localized in the Southern part of the upper Paraná river floodplain (Brazil) that includes diverse aquatic environments. Oligochaeta (Annelida) is a large group of invertebrates, with several small specimens inhabiting almost every possible niche at most freshwater ecosystem. The goal of the present study was to examine the spatial variation of Oligochaeta community in five floodplain lakes from the Ilha Grande National Park and relate the distribution with abiotic variables. Samples were taken at five sampling stations using a modified Petersen grab. Thirteen species of Oligochaeta belonging to two families Naididae and Tubificidae were recorded. Different patterns of richness and abiotic factors were identified among the lakes located in the island and at the margin of Paraná river. The different patterns of granulometric texture affected directly the distribution of the Oligochaeta assemblage of theses environments. The results of this study permit to infer that the Oligochaeta assemblage, in preserved areas, present a higher richness in relation to long term studies with more frequent samplings. We concluded that Ilha Grande National Park contributes for the preservation of benthic invertebrates.
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