Earthquake-resistant design of structures requires dissipating seismic energy by deformations of structural members or additional fuse elements. Owing to its easy-to-produce, plug-and-play, high equivalent damping ratio, and large displacement capacity characteristics, energy dissipative steel cushions (SCs) were found to be an efficient candidate for this purpose. However, similar to other conventional metallic dampers, residual displacement after a strong shaking is the most notable drawback of the SCs. In this work, cushions produced from Ni–Ti shape memory alloy (SMA) are evaluated numerically by experimentally verified finite element models to assess their impact on the performance of earthquake-resistant structures. Furthermore, a reinforced concrete testing frame is retrofitted with energy dissipative steel and Ni–Ti cushions. Performance of the frames (e.g. dissipated energy by the cushions, hysteretic energy to input energy ratio, maximum drift, and residual drift) with different types of cushions are evaluated by nonlinear response history analyses. The numerical results showed that the SCs are effective to reduce peak responses, while Ni–Ti cushions are more favorable to reduce residual drifts and deformations. Hence, a hybrid system, employing the steel and SMA cushions together, is proposed to reach optimal seismic performance.
Poor heat dissipation and thermal runaway are most common in batteries subjected to fast charge or discharge and forced to work in hot or subzero ambient temperatures. For the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries throughout their lifecycle, a reliable battery thermal management system (BTMS) is required. A novel hybrid BTMS with a nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated smart wire and phase change material (PCM) with expanded graphite (EG) is proposed in this study. A lumped electrochemical-thermal battery model is developed to analyze the efficiency of the proposed hybrid BTMS. The multiphysics BTMS is investigated by discharging at various electrical currents in both off-modes (inactivated SMA) and on-modes (activated SMA). Under on-mode BTMS operation, temperature elevation is reduced by 4.63 °C and 6.102 °C during 3 C and 5 C discharge, respectively. The proposed hybrid BTMS can be considered a competitive alternative for use in electrical vehicles due to its smart, compact, safe, and efficient performance in both cold and hot environments.
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