We applied nucleic acid-based molecular methods, combined with estimates of biomass (ATP), pigments, and microelectrode measurements of chemical gradients, to map microbial diversity vertically on a millimeter scale in a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. To identify the constituents of the mat, small-subunit rRNA genes were amplified by PCR from community genomic DNA extracted from layers, cloned, and sequenced. Bacteria dominated the mat and displayed unexpected and unprecedented diversity. The majority (1,336) of the 1,586 bacterial 16S rRNA sequences generated were unique, representing 752 species (>97% rRNA sequence identity) in 42 of the main bacterial phyla, including 15 novel candidate phyla. The diversity of the mat samples differentiated according to the chemical milieu defined by concentrations of O 2 and H 2 S. Bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi formed the majority of the biomass by percentage of bulk rRNA and of clones in rRNA gene libraries. This result contradicts the general belief that cyanobacteria dominate these communities. Although cyanobacteria constituted a large fraction of the biomass in the upper few millimeters (>80% of the total rRNA and photosynthetic pigments), Chloroflexi sequences were conspicuous throughout the mat. Filamentous Chloroflexi bacteria were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization within the polysaccharide sheaths of the prominent cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes, in addition to free living in the mat. The biological complexity of the mat far exceeds that observed in other polysaccharide-rich microbial ecosystems, such as the human and mouse distal guts, and suggests that positive feedbacks exist between chemical complexity and biological diversity.
Birds in urban landscapes must contend with fragmented and degraded remnants of native vegetation and their survival may be dependent on factors such as their ability to disperse through and/or utilize the urban matrix. We examined the frequency of occurrence of birds in native bushland in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia, and in nine adjacent suburban gardens. We quantified dispersal capacity by observing bird crossing frequency and height over a major six-lane road separating the bushland from adjacent gardens. Finally we quantified matrix utilisation by recording foraging behaviour in urban gardens and bushland. Native bushland had a higher species richness than urban gardens (30 versus 17 species) and 18 species were associated more strongly with bushland. Of these 18 species, 61% were never recorded in urban gardens. Gardens were typified by three generalist species, the Singing Honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens and the introduced Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis and Spotted Dove S. chinensis. Three generalist species, the Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata, Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus, and Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta were equally abundant in all habitats. Four of 18 bird species (Singing Honeyeater Red Wattlebird, Rainbow Lorikeet, and Australian Ringneck Barnardius zonarius) accounted for the majority of road crossing events. Urban gardens provided a rich resource for generalists and urban exploiters, all of which spent significantly more time foraging on nectar in gardens and significantly more time foraging on insects in bushland. We conclude that urban gardens provide habitat for some species that exploit nectar, but most species in bushland, particularly insectivores, do not use gardens. Our results indicate the importance of retaining well-managed bushland for supporting viable urban bird populations.
Patientswere monitored for perioperative complications. Results One hundred patients underwent ablation with 25 cases conducted in each arm. Complete PVI was attained in all study subjects. For the vHPSD group, PVI procedural duration, ablation and fluoroscopy times were 71.7 ± 6.35 min, 9.21 ± 0.76 min and 15.1 ± 1.50 min respectively. The HSPD group exhibited total PVI, burn and fluoroscopy times of 90. 2 ± 5.59 min (p=0.03), 10.3 ± 2.40 min (p<0.0001) and 34.1 ± 1.67 min (p=0.1) respectively. In comparison, the PCRF group exhibited longer procedure duration, ablation and fluoroscopy times of 93.3 ± 6.50 min (p=0.01), 15.2 ± 1.73 min (p<0.0001), 37.8 ± 2.47 min (p=0.870). Whereas procedural and fluoroscopy times of 96.3 ± 7.1 min (p=0.01) and 18.8 ± 1.31 (p=0.05) were observed in the cryo-ablation group. Procedural doses of morphine and midazolam for the vHPSD, Qmode, PCRF and CRYO group were 11.3 mg + 4.00 mg, 15.5 mg (p=0.0003) + 9.33 mg (p=0.0003), 15.7 mg (p=0.0002) + 8.03 mg (p=0.02), and 8.19 mg (p=0.01) + 4.84 mg (p=0.303) respectively. No adverse procedural events were recorded for the vHPSD while 2 pericardial effusions occurred in the PCRF group, 1 cardiac tamponade in the Qmode group and 2 transient ischaemic attacks in the CRYO group. Conclusion With the emergence of vHPSD RF ablation, preliminary findings indicate significant potential in reduction of procedural and ablation time. Further analysis is ongoing in order to ascertain longer-term efficacy and patient safety. Conflict of Interest None to declare 112 AMIODARONE FOLLOW-UP IN 'TRACKER CLINIC'
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