Evaluation of high shear inhibitor performance in CO2-containing flow-induced corrosion and erosion-corrosion environments in the presence and absence of iron carbonate films. Wear, 405. pp. 143-152.

Microfluidic technology is a valuable tool for realizing more in vitro models capturing cellular and organ level responses for rapid and animal‐free risk assessment of new chemicals and drugs. Microfluidic cell‐based devices allow high‐throughput screening and flexible automation while lowering costs and reagent consumption due to their miniaturization. There is a growing need for faster and animal‐free approaches for drug development and safety assessment of chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances, REACH). The work presented describes a microfluidic platform for in vivo‐like in vitro cell cultivation. It is equipped with a wafer‐based silicon chip including integrated electrodes and a microcavity. A proof‐of‐concept using different relevant cell models shows its suitability for label‐free assessment of cytotoxic effects. A miniaturized microscope within each module monitors cell morphology and proliferation. Electrodes integrated in the microfluidic channels allow the noninvasive monitoring of barrier integrity followed by a label‐free assessment of cytotoxic effects. Each microfluidic cell cultivation module can be operated individually or be interconnected in a flexible way. The interconnection of the different modules aims at simulation of the whole‐body exposure and response and can contribute to the replacement of animal testing in risk assessment studies in compliance with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments.

When sand is present in carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion environments in carbon steel oil and gas pipelines, wear rates can be particularly severe. The wear mechanism when surfaces are exposed to impact by a solid-laden corrosive fluid is known as erosion-corrosion and consists of erosion and corrosion components with total erosion-corrosion degradation enhanced by interactions between erosion and corrosion. The causes of corrosion-enhanced erosion and erosion-enhanced corrosion of carbon steel, in this regime, are not fully understood and are the subject of study in this work in a 60°C, pH 4.7, 2% NaCl solution, containing 1000 mg/L of sand particles with an average diameter of 250 µm, flowing through a submerged impinging jet (SIJ) nozzle at 20 m/s. Particle impact angles and velocities were predicted on the SIJ sample surface using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to improve the understanding of how particle impingement contributes to erosion-enhanced corrosion and corrosionenhanced erosion. Corrosion-enhanced erosion accounted for up to 20% of total erosioncorrosion degradation, with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis showing that removal of work hardened layers and subsurface cracking were causes of enhanced degradation. Erosion-enhanced corrosion was not significant in the conditions tested.

Erosion-corrosion degradation in oil and gas pipelines is a significant problem, and a change in flow geometry can significantly enhance rates of degradation. In this study, a 3D printed 90° elbow, integrated into a flow loop, was developed to evaluate erosioncorrosion of X65 carbon steel along both the inner and outer internal portions of the bend in an aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated environment containing sand particles.Designing representative geometries capable of measuring rates of corrosion, erosion and their synergistic interactions, can be challenging and currently no designs have been reported in literature that effectively integrate the required measuring techniques to determine local degradation rates throughout the component. To elucidate the individual contributions to overall erosion-corrosion degradation rates, gravimetric and electrochemical measurement techniques were used to quantify degradation rates at multiple locations in the flow geometry, with the specimen design also enabling the possibility of completing acoustic emission measurements to detect particle impacts. The design of the elbow is presented and erosion-corrosion tests were conducted to determine the magnitude and individual contributions of erosion, corrosion and erosioncorrosion interactions at a flow velocity of 6 m/s in a CO2-saturated, pH 4, 60C, 2 wt.% NaCl solution containing 1000 mg/L of sand particles.

This is a repository copy of An experimental and numerical investigation of CO2 corrosion in a rapid expansion pipe geometry.