This red cell analysis illustrates through case studies the capacities and capabilities of the Islamic State (IS) terror organization at its peak, and the Haqqani Network over time as individual organizations, including their origins, ideology, leadership, organizational structures, and operational capabilities, to examine global terrorism with a focus on the ideological warfare challenges of combatting radical Islamic terrorism. These organizations' connections to al Qaeda and the parts they play in the greater rising threat of global radical Islamic terrorism are established in order to frame global terrorism from a strategic historical standpoint to evaluate counterterrorism strategies for the future. The author presents strategy recommendations for the United States Intelligence Community (IC) and policy makers to effectively address the national and global security threats posed by transnational terrorism, using a combination of strategic counterintelligence and targeted ground operations, along with an original seven-principle approach to effective counterterrorism operations, as well as a broader strategy for targeting the ideological roots of radical Islamic terrorism.
This article addresses the question of what impact InternationalHumanitarian Law (IHL), the Laws of Armed Conflict (LOAC), and the international community can or should have on the international development/deployment of autonomous and semi-autonomous weapon systems, and how the international community can achieve a significant impact with emerging national or cooperative international regulations or laws with regards to the developing relationship between robotics and warfare, without hindering technological developments in other areas of human life. The author, using primarily case studies related to weapon autonomy and robotics in warfare, tests the following theory: Technological advancements related to the development and implementation of autonomous and semi-autonomous weapons in warfare have the potential to be directly impacted by IHL and the LOAC, by using a reactive approach guided by historical underlying principles related to other technologies and the moral spirit of existing laws in order to proactively regulate the field. In testing the theory, the author shows the differences in lasting and effective technological impact of reactive versus proactive international actions. The case studies highlight the effectiveness of reactive international action, while framing the underlying issues of the past in the context of modern autonomous weaponry developments. The article highlights the record of weapon systems with autonomous functions and discusses fully autonomous lethal weapon systems' inherent inability to comply with international human rights laws.
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