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Background: Urinary bladder catheters are potential sources of infection after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if intermittent catheterization provides a decreased risk of postoperative urinary tract infections (UTIs) compared with indwelling catheterization in THA patients. Methods: Patients undergoing THA at 15 hospitals within a large health system were prospectively collected between 2017 and 2019 and then stratified based on catheterization technique: no-catheter; indwelling cathetereonly; intermittent cathetereonly; and both intermittent and indwelling catheter. Patient demographics, medical comorbidities, anesthesia types, and postoperative UTIs were assessed. Independent Student t-tests were used to perform univariate analyses for the catheterization groups. Multiple linear regression models were used to compare the different groups while controlling for confounding variables. Results: There were a total of 7306 THA patients recorded with 5513 (75%) no-catheter, 1181 (16%) indwelling cathetereonly, 285 (3.9%) intermittent cathetereonly, and 327 (4.5%) indwelling and intermittent catheterization patients. A total of 580 patients experienced postoperative UTI. Urinary bladder catheterization increased the risk of postoperative UTIs (P < .001) in univariate analyses. Multiple linear regression models showed that indwelling catheter-only (OR: 2.178, P < .001), intermittent catheterization (OR: 1.975, P ¼ .003), and both indwelling and intermittent (OR: 2.372, P ¼ .002) were more likely to experience UTIs compared with no catheters. Conclusion: This study found that patients treated with indwelling catheterization, with or without preceding intermittent catheterization, were significantly more likely to experience UTIs. Therefore, in an effort to decrease the risk of UTIs, THA patients experiencing postoperative urinary retention should be treated with intermittent catheterization.

Migraine is a debilitating headache disorder that has a significant impact on the world population, in both economic and sociologic capacities. Migraine has two main categories: (1) chronic migraine (CM), defined as the patient having 15 or more headache days per month, with at least five attacks fulfilling measures for EM with aura or EM without aura, and (2) episodic migraine (EM), defined as less than 15 headache days per month. With this definition, CM can only exist in the presence of EM, and it questions whether the two are separate diseases. Migraine has a significant impact on the population, as each year, about 2.5 % of patients with EM develop new-onset CM (Manack et al., Curr Pain Headache Rep 15:70-78, 2011) (Loder et al. Headache 55:214-228, 2015), with certain risk factors being evident only with CM. In addition, there are comorbid diseases that are only associated with CM, suggesting two separate diseases rather than one. Differentiation in response to treatments, both preventive and abortive, demonstrates both a similarity and a difference in EM versus CM. Also, comparing the two processes based upon functional imaging has been a recent development, beginning to show a physiological difference in regional cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and regional volumes in patients with EM and CM. Evidence regarding whether EM and CM demonstrate one disease with a significant level of complication or if two independent processes is inconclusive, and additional research must be performed to further characterize their relationship.

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Background: More than 100,000 reduction mammaplasties are performed in the United States each year. There is large variance in reported incidence of cancerous/high-risk lesions, ranging from 0.06% to 4.6%. There has been debate whether histological review of breast reduction specimen is necessary. This study aimed to determine the incidence of cancerous/high-risk lesions and to evaluate risk factors for their occurrence. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted for all patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty in 2018 by the senior author. Variables collected included demographics, comorbidities, history of breast surgery, family/personal history of breast cancer, weight of specimen, and pathologic findings. All specimens underwent pathologic evaluation and categorized as benign, proliferative, or malignant. Results A total of 155 patients underwent 310 reduction mammaplasties. Pathologic evaluations found that 11 patients (7.1%) had positive findings, 9 (5.8%) had proliferative lesions, and 2 (1.29%) had cancerous lesions. Patients with pathology were older ( P = 0.038), had a family history of breast cancer ( P = 0.026), and had a greater weight of resected tissue ( P = 0.005). Multivariable analysis showed family history of breast cancer ( P = 0.001), prior breast surgery ( P = 0.026), and greater weight of resected breast tissue ( P = 0.008) had a higher likelihood of positive pathology. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate an incidence of positive pathology higher than that reported and illustrate the importance of histologic review of breast reduction specimens. Family history of breast cancer, prior breast surgery, and a greater weight of resected tissue increase risk for proliferative/cancerous lesions.

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