ICAP is a theory of active learning that differentiates students' engagement based on their behaviors. ICAP postulates that Interactive engagement, demonstrated by co-generative collaborative behaviors, is superior for learning to Constructive engagement, indicated by generative behaviors. Both kinds of engagement exceed the benefits of Active or Passive engagement, marked by manipulative and attentive behaviors, respectively. This paper discusses a 5-year project that attempted to translate ICAP into a theory of instruction using five successive measures: (a) teachers' understanding of ICAP after completing an online module, (b) their success at designing lesson plans using different ICAP modes, (c) fidelity of teachers' classroom implementation, (d) modes of students' enacted behaviors, and (e) students' learning outcomes. Although teachers had minimal success in designing Constructive and Interactive activities, students nevertheless learned significantly more in the context of Constructive than Active activities. We discuss reasons for teachers' overall difficulty in designing and eliciting Interactive engagement.

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A biometric replay attack occurs when a victim's biometric information (in the form of a template) is stolen by a hacker as it is transmitted over a network and used by the hacker to impersonate the victim to gain unauthorized access. Biometric replay attacks can be particularly devastating because the victims of these attacks cannot easily alter their biometrics or the templates associated with their biometrics [1]. In an effort to mitigate biometric replay attacks, the authors of [2] proposed two biometric authentication protocols. These protocols are based on two principles: (a) it is possible to evolve a set of distinct feature extractors (FEs) and (b) distinct FEs produce distinct templates. These principles gave rise to the concept of disposable FEs (and templates). In this paper, we introduce two additional protocols based on disposable FEs and templates. Our results show that these new protocols can be used more efficiently than the two proposed in [2].

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