The drying of safou is practiced in countries where the crop is grown but dried products are of low quality due to a high rate of rancidity. The drying procedure and the material used for packaging dried safou may be responsible for the high rate of rancid safou. The use of safou powder as an ingredient in the making of biscuits will open up new markets for dried safou especially for sour clones and this may reduce the quantity of rancid dried safou in the market. In order to investigate this, safou fruits were d ried using two different procedures; "rapid" and "slow" procedures and then packaged in polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), vacuum (GR) bags and bottles. Sensory evaluation was performed at 1, 15, 30, 60, 90 days after storage. Safou powder fro m sour and non-sour clones was used as a partial and comp lete substitute of butter in making biscuits and the acceptability of these biscuits tested in comparison with regular b iscuits. The data showed that 100 % of the test panelists accepted the form of the slow-dried safou compared to just 30 % for the rapid-dried (Χ 2 = 25, df =1, N=36). After 90 days of storage,safou dried using the rapid procedure and packaged in PE and PP were completely rancid while safou dried using the slow d rying procedure and packaged in PE and PP were rated as slightly rancid (Χ 2 = 19, df =1, N=36). The panellists rated dried safou packaged in GR and bottle and stored for 90 days as not rancid irrespective of the drying procedure used. Biscuits produced were highly acceptable and no difference was recorded in the acceptability of part ial safou biscuits made fro m sour or non-sour safou powder (Χ 2 = 0.09, df =1, N=36). The proportion of consumers who liked the colour, taste and texture of all biscuits made using non-sour safou powder was higher co mpared to those who disliked o r had no opinion about them (Χ 2 = 24, d f =1, N=36). Smaller (40 mm 2)safou slices dried for 4 h got rancid faster than those larger (1500 mm 2)safou slices dried for 16 h. Vacuu m bags and airt ight bottles stored dried safou better than PE and PP. Safou powder fro m sour and non-sour clone can be used directly as a partial substitute of animal fat (butter) in the making of b iscuits without going through the costly and laborious oil extraction process.
Cette étude analyse les conditions de faisabilité du système « Bus à Haut Niveau de Service » (BHNS) dans la ville de Douala, en vue de répondre aux besoins de mobilité des populations et de réduire la pollution atmosphérique liée aux transports dans cette ville. D'après le recensement général de la population de 2005, Douala est la ville la plus peuplé du Cameroun avec une offre de transport en commun majoritairement artisanale. Un peu plus de la moitié des populations de cette ville se déplacent en mototaxis. L'urbanisation rapide et anarchique, l'étalement de la ville, font de la question de mobilité un enjeu aussi bien environnemental que social. Le succès du TransMilenio de Bogota, qui a impulsé le développement du BHNS dans les villes du monde, témoigne du caractère souhaitable de ce système de transport pour la ville de Douala. À Douala, les lignes de transport sont déjà bien définies. Seulement, elles sont exploitées par les minibus et les mototaxis qui relèvent essentiellement du secteur informel (transport artisanal). L'aménagement des sites propres sur ces lignes et la capitalisation de l'expérience des transporteurs artisanaux (exploitants des minibus) à travers leur reconversion dans le BHNS pourrait contribuer au succès de ce système de transport. Il pourra également contribuer au développement durable de la ville dans la mesure où sa meilleure attractivité pourrait réduire le nombre de déplacements réalisés par les mototaxis, les minibus voire les taxis, qui présentent un taux d'émission de polluants plus élevé par passager au kilomètre.Astract: This study analyzes the feasibility conditions of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in the city of Douala, in order to meet people's mobility needs and reduce air pollution related to transport in this city. According to the general population census of 2005, Douala is the most populous city in Cameroon with a transport supply mainly artisanal. A little more than half of the population of this city moves in motorcycle taxis. The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, the sprawl of the city, make the mobility an environmental as well as a social issue. The success of the Bogota's TransMilenio which spearheaded the development of BRT in the world's cities, reflects the desirability of this transport system for the city of Douala. In Douala, the transport lines are already well defined. However, they are exploited by minibuses and mototaxis, which mainly belong to the informal sector (artisanal transport). The development of clean sites on these lines and the capitalization of the experience of the artisanal transporters (minibus operators) through their conversion into the BRT could contribute to the success of this transport system. It can also contribute to the sustainable development of the city, since its best attractiveness could reduce the number of trips made by motorcycle taxis, minibuses even taxis, which have a higher pollutant emission rate per passenger per kilometer.
Dans le but d’appréhender l’influence des types de contrat de travail sur les performances des exploitations cacaoyères dans le Mbam et Kim au Cameroun, un échantillonnage raisonné a permis de sélectionner 114 exploitants cacaoyers. L’approche à deux étapes recourant aux modèles Data Enveloppent Analysis (DEA) et Tobit censuré a permis d’analyser l’efficacité des exploitations. Deux types de contrat ont été identifiés: le contrat annuel fixe (CAF) et le contrat par pourcentage de vente (CPV) de cacao récolté. Les résultats montrent que le CPV semble plus performant par rapport au CAF en termes de productivité et de d’allocation. Par ailleurs, l’augmentation de la superficie des exploitations, du nombre de défrichements et le traitement mixte sont les facteurs qui contribuent mieux à l’inefficacité de ces cacaoyères, tandis que la récolte sanitaire, l’augmentation du nombre de réglages d’ombrage et des tailles du cacaoyer sont sources d’efficacité.
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