Background The concentration of heavy metals and their spatial distribution in surface sediments collected from the Thondi coast, Palk Bay, South India were analysed in this study. The sediment grain size, pH, EC, and major elements (Fe, and Al), heavy metal concentrations (Mn, Cr, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb) were determined and the values for the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), potential contamination index (Cp), potential ecological risk index (RI), contamination factor (CF), modified contamination degree (mCd), degree of contamination (Cd), and potential contamination factors (Cp) were calculated based on their background values to determine the pollution level of the study area. Multivariate analysis such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient, principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), cluster analysis, and regression analysis are a versatile method for identifying heavy metal sources and determining the relationship between pollutants in marine sediment. Results The pollution indices, namely EF, CF, Cd, mCd, CP, RI, and Igeo, revealed that the heavy metal contamination was due to Cd, while a moderate level of contamination was caused by Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr. The principal component analysis and correlation matrix analysis showed a strong positive loading for Cd due to its high level of contamination in the study area. Anthropogenic inputs such as municipal wastewater, domestic sewage discharge, fishing harbour activities, and industrial and aquaculture wastes led to the increased Cd concentration in the study area. Moreover, the pollution load index revealed that the sediments were polluted by heavy metals. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that the increased concentration of heavy metals in the study area increases the toxicity in the marine environment, thus affecting the ecosystem.
Background The concentration of heavy metals and their spatial distribution in surface sediments collected from the Thondi coast, Palk Bay, South India were analysed in this study. The sediment grain size, pH, EC, and heavy metal concentrations (Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, and Pb) were determined and the values for the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), potential contamination index (Cp), potential ecological risk index (PERI), contamination factor (CF), modified contamination degree (mCd), degree of contamination (Cd), and potential contamination factors (Cp) were calculated based on their background values to determine the pollution level of the study area. The sediment grain size, pH, EC, and heavy metal concentrations were determined and the values for the pollution indices were calculated based on their background values to determine the pollution level. Results The pollution indices, namely EF, CF, Cd, mCd, CP, \({\text{E}}_{\text{r}}^{\text{i}}\), and PERI, except for Igeo, revealed that the heavy metal contamination was due to Cd, while a moderate level of contamination was caused by Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr. The principal component analysis and correlation matrix analysis showed a strong positive loading for Cd due to its high level of contamination in the study area. Anthropogenic inputs such as municipal wastewater, domestic sewage discharge, fishing harbour activities, and industrial and aquaculture wastes led to the increased Cd concentration in the study area. Moreover, the pollution load index revealed that the sediments were polluted by heavy metals. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that the increased concentration of heavy metals in the study area increases the toxicity in the marine environment, thus affecting the ecosystem.
Industrial activities, domestic wastes and agriculture release increased quantities of heavy metals into the environment. As they cannot be degraded, they accumulate in organisms and cause toxic effects. When present in different combinations, their effects can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. Hence the present work has been carried out to study the mixture toxicity of mercury and cadmium on the mineral content of the fish, Labeo rohita after ten days of exposure to sublethal concentrations. Except potassium content, the two selected metals were antagonistic in their effects.
Wastewater can be considered as a precious resource that can be used to fulfill our growing demands of water. In the present study, physico-chemical parameters of the sugar industry effluent were analyzed. The sailfin catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis were exposed to 10, 20, 30 and 40 % concentrations of sugar industry effluent for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days of treatment. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, chlorides, total hardness, nitrates, sulphates, total phosphorus, ammonia and BOD were gradually reduced after treatment with P. pardalis for all the exposed concentrations of sugar industry effluent. Students' 't" test was used to test the level of significance for the variation between control and experimental sets for all the parameters. Ammonia, pH and chlorides exhibited more significant difference than the other parameters. Results revealed that P. pardalis is highly efficient in the treatment of sugar industry effluent. Biotreatment with P. pardalis may provide an economical and environmentally sustainable treatment method in future.
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