Background and Objective: According to WHO most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.. This work is aim at Studying the trend and progress on Covid -19 pandemic from 29th January to 4th of February 2022 across different countries of the world. Material and Method: Data from one hundred and seventy two (172) countries and regions of the world were gotten from United Nations Geoscheme. Results were collated and subsequently compared to the values obtained for USA. Result: Europe and America still have high situation rate of the virus.Compared to the USA most European countries tend to have lower mortality factor when compared to incidence factor. Asia also has a relatively high incidence and mortality factor, while Africa has little to no comparism factor value. The Omicron is the most predominant strain with high infectivity rate as the original virus. Conclusion: despite various variant of COVID-19, Africa appears to developed a natural surval mechanism. There is therefore need for the rest of the globe to further investigate the reason for this spared onslaught and develop vaccine based on AfricansCOVID-19 antibody make up so as to develop a more robost immunity
The impact of specific number of airs to clinker on a clinker cooling process in grate coolers in a cement plant was investigated. Clinker cooling process is a complex process due to the vast number of interacting operating parameters such as: clinker cooler length, ambient temperature, clinker cooler width, clinker cooler drives speed, clinker cooler fan speed, clinker and air mass flow rates, and clinker density and air densities. This research examines heat transfer and multiphase fluid flow analysis as relating to specific number of air to clinker in a clinker cooling system. It employs a physical “dimensionally scaled-down” model. A 3D model of the clinker bed was developed using SolidWorks 2014 based on geometric parameters adopted in the scaled conceptual design after an existing running clinker cooler. The designed model was scaled down by ratio 25:1, that is, existing cooler being twenty-five times higher than the modelled with length 1.3 m, width 0.3 m and variable clinker bed height of 0.3 m, 0.4m and 0.6m as geometric dimensions. Numerical experimentation done involved high temperature clinker entering the clinker cooler from the heating-up furnace (HUF) at 1350 °C, specific numbers of 2.2041 and 1.7959 Nm3/kg clk, air inlet temperature of 32 °C, inlet mass flow rate of air at 0.45 kg/s at clinker 0.15 kg/s. It was observed that at a specific number of 2.2041 Nm3/kg clk at a bed height 0.6 m an optimal energy recoverable efficiency of 70% was recovered into the system and with an improved lower outlet clinker temperature of 68 °C. While, at a specific number of 1.7959 Nm3/kg clk and at a clinker bed height of 0.3 m, the lowest recoverable efficiency of 57.52% was recovered into the modelled clinker cooler and with highest outlet clinker temperature of 168.7 °C. Hence, specific number of airs to clinker also plays a significant role in clinker cooler performance.
Cement manufacturing requires cooling down of hot clinker at temperature of about 1350o C to temperature lower than 100 o C in a cooling system known as clinker cooler. Many plants are unable to cool the clinker below 250o C. This challenge led to scaling down of actual clinker cooler to a test rig size in the ratio 25:1 suitable for simulation. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools (Solid-Works and ANSYS) were used to achieve the simulation. The clinker outlet temperatures obtained from simulations were validated with theoretical evaluation. Results showed that with clinker and cooling air flow rates of 0.2 kg/s and 0.54 kg/s respectively and with a clinker bed height of 0.6 m. An optimum cooler performance was achieved with clinker outlet temperature of 68 oC. The scaled down cooler was 15% higher than the existing cooler in terms of recoverable energy and 10% high in terms of energy efficiency. Keywords: Clinker Cooler, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Mass flow rate clinker and Mass flow air and Clinker Furnace.
This paper deals with cement production optimization modeling using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the results was compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Pattern Search (PS). This optimization modeling took into account mixtures of primary fuel (mineral coal, pet-coke and heavy oil) and its alternative fuel which is agricultural waste (rice husk, sugar waste and ground shell). The optimization simulation models predict the cost benefit to the manufacturer using alternative fuel, environmental impact to world and finally the quality of the cement produced to the end user. Production cost for one ton of cement using PSO ($23 = 4945), GA ($33 = 7095), PS (38.2 = 8170). The oxides in this research work met standard cement specification: Silica Modulus (M.S-2.9), Alumina Modulus (M.A-1.3), Lime Saturation factor (LSF-93.3%). The results show that the cost of cement production can be reduced by 30 to 70% with the use of alternative fuel (Rice husk, Sugar cane waste, ground nut shell) and without greatly affecting the final product.
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