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This study investigated to what extent sons and daughters influence their parents' adoption of digital media, particularly the internet, compared to other influence sources. It also explored structural factors that play a role in this bottom-up process, such as socio-economic differences and gender. Finally, it examined the relationship between this bottom-up technology transmission process and parents' levels of internet self-efficacy and online activities. Drawing from socialization and diffusion of innovation research and using a self-administered random mail survey, we found that children play a role in including their parents in the digital environment, particularly among women, people who are older (35 years old and above), and belong to lower socio-economic groups.We also found that this bottom-up technology transmission is somewhat negatively associated with parents' internet self-efficacy. Implications and possible interpretations of these results are discussed.

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