Rhodamines and structurally similar
rosamines are some of the most
highly utilized tools for molecular imaging experiments. We report
a general and high-yielding route to produce 18 examples of rhodamines
and rosamines, including tetramethylrhodamine, rhodamine B, and Janelia
Fluor 549, from a single xanthone intermediate, 3,6-difluoroxanthone.
Spectroscopic studies revealed trends in fluorophore efficiency based
on substitution patterns at the 3′-, 6′-, and 9′-positions,
providing insights to aid future designs of rhodamines/rosamines.
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