Research progress into mechanisms of the anaerobe Clostridium perfringens and associated diseases has been frustrated by the lack of reliable infection models. Wax moth larvae ( Galleria mellonella ) have emerged as a viable alternative to other models of infection since they are economic, survive at 37°C and require no specialist equipment. This study aims to establish to what extent G. mellonella larvae can be used to study the virulence of C. perfringens strains and its suitability for studying novel treatment strategies by an improved time-lapse approach to data collection. Mortality and morbidity rates of larvae challenged with 10 5 CFU of C. perfringens isolates from various sources were observed over 72 h and dose response data obtained. Phenoloxidase enzyme activity was investigated as a marker for immune response and tissue burden assessed by histopathological techniques. Results demonstrate that C. perfringens is pathogenic toward G. mellonella although potency varies dramatically between C. perfringens isolates and the reference strain ATCC 13124 was shown to be avirulent. Infection with C. perfringens strains activated the melanisation pathway resulting in melanin deposition but no increase in enzyme activity was observed. Efficacy of antibiotic therapy (penicillin G, bacitracin, neomycin, and tetracycline) administered parenterally to some extent correlates with that of in vitro analysis. The findings suggest G. mellonella might be a useful in vivo model of infection and convenient as a pre-screening assay for virulence of C. perfringens strains or as a simple, cheap and rapid in vivo assay in the first stage development of novel therapeutics against anaerobes. HIGHLIGHTS Potential novel in vivo model for the study of Clostridium perfringens infection. Novel time-lapse approach to data collection. First report of the pathogenicity of C. perfringens toward G. mellonella . First report of the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in response to C. perfringens infection in G. mellonella .
The acoustic detection and classification of completely and partially buried objects in the multipath environment of the coastal ocean presents a major challenge to the mine countermeasures (MCM) community. However, the rapidly emerging autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology provides the opportunity of exploring entirely new sonar concepts based on mono-, bi-or multi-static configurations. For example, the medium frequency regime (1-10 kHz) with its bottom penetration advantage may be explored using large synthetic apertures, where acoustic information is accumulated over a series of sonar pings. The performance of such approaches is highly dependent on accurate platform navigation and timing, which poses a significant challenge to AUV developers, particularly because the navigation procedures are themselves dependent on the complicated multipath acoustic environment. Data from the GOATS'98 experiment have been analyzed to investigate the feasibility of combining seabed scattering data from consecutive pings of a fixed parametric source to form a bistatic synthetic aperture for target localization and imaging with an AUV based receiving platform. The paper describes different levels of bistatic processing including both incoherent and coherent beamforming and very large aperture interferometric approaches, and the associated performance tradeoffs are discussed.
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