ABSTRACT:The properties of lightweight concrete, such as aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value and compressive strength were assessed utilizing periwinkle shell (PWS) as partial replacement for coarse aggregate. Standard mix of 1:2:4 with varying percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% partial replacement of PWS using water/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.55 was used. Seventy two cubes of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were casted; allowed to set for 24 hours before remolding, and were properly cured. The strength characteristics of each cube were evaluated using Compressive Testing machine at the curing ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The ACV and AIV obtained are 31.59% and 22.61% respectively which is within the acceptable limit. An optimum compressive strength value of 16.79 N/mm 2 and 16.71 N/mm 2 was obtained with the addition 20% and 30% partial replacement of coarse aggregate with PWS in 28 days. These values are within 15-25 N/mm 2 and it is suitable for Lightweight concrete. The research demonstrates that the utilization of PWS in structural/insulating lightweight concrete, at lower volume of replacement, will reduce the utilization of granite in concrete. Thus, decreasing the production cost of concrete and the ecological contamination brought about by the dumping of periwinkle shell. © JASEM http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i3.2
Estimate of the impact of congestion such as economic and productivity loss was evaluated along three selected routes namely RA, RB and RC in Akure using cost and delay. Travel speed, and Average Daily Traffic (ADT) were measured using cine camera; while fuel consumption was measured per litre using the vehicles fuel gauge. The annual person hours of delay (APHD) of 626.25 hrs, 918.51 hrs and 140.91 hrs was obtained for route A, B and C respectively. The daily wasted fuel cost for vehicle on RA, RB and RC are N785.83/day, N 959.9/day and N 130.5/day respectively, while N6,506.42/ day, N 7,676.63 and N 2,110.92 was obtained for total delay cost (TDC) on the RA, RB and RC. Also, fuel wasted associated with congestion for RA, RB and RC are 1,642,352.40 naira per year, 1,937,735.8 naira per year, and 532,838.80 naira per year respectively; this amount to economic loss. Provision of effective public transit, efficient off-street parking system, and enforcement of traffic rule and regulation were recommended as a panacea to traffic congestion problem in the study area.
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