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Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have been emblematic of the African American quest for educational parity and social equality in American society. In addition to having been primarily responsible for the education of African Americans, HBCUs have also functioned as key institutions in the social, political, and economic development of the African American community within the constraints of a racially stratified society. This article maps the evolution of a pioneering tradition of diversity at HBCUs from their beginnings in the late 19th century to the present. The author argues that the social and educational environments that have traditionally supported diversity at HBCUs emerged out of group struggle between Blacks and their allies as well as with those seeking to maintain the larger system of overt, institutionalized racial stratification that dominated American society for much of its history. The article concludes with an examination of trends in diversity at HBCU campuses.

Access to public spaces played an important role in constructing and defining racial boundaries in the late nineteenth century. In 1883, San Antonio's Mexican American elites protested an order permanently barring them from using the dance pavilion in San Pedro Springs Park, resulting in the public censure of the park manager who gave the order and affirmations of Tejano elites' right to equal access to public spaces. The author analyzes this historical case to show the importance of the race-class intersection, specifically racialized class identities, as a resource in racial boundary shifting: the movement of racial boundaries across people. Public exchanges in the "San Pedro Park incident" either challenged or defended Mexican Americans' equal access to a white public space by drawing on competing racial narratives about their fitness for middle-class identity. The author argues that analyses of racial boundary shifting must give careful consideration to how social actors use understandings of class to expand or contract racial boundaries. Reproducing class identities that ensure continued economic domination over racial minorities is a central part of maintaining the racial order.

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