Adsorption is a technique for removing adsorbate from the liquid or gas phase using adsorbents. The adsorbent is solid while the adsorbate can either be dissolved in liquid or gas. Adsorption has attracted the attention of many researchers because of its wide applicability in water and air purification, environment friendly, effectiveness, and ease to design as compared with the other methods. Activated carbon has been used as an effective adsorbent. However, its application is limited since it’s expensive. This has necessitated research interest in other materials that are safe and economical instead of commercial activated carbon. Some of the materials that have been successfully tested include sawdust, silica gel, zeolites, clay minerals and oxides, nanomaterial, agricultural by-products, biological waste, ion exchange resins and water hyacinth, etc. Although some of these materials are effective, they are not readily available. The kinetics of adsorption is done through testing the adsorption data against standard kinetic models and the model with the best line of fit, based on the values of coefficient of determination (R2) is selected. The adsorption process is described using isotherms such as Freundlich and Langmuir. This chapter sheds more light on adsorption, the most common adsorbents, kinetic models, isotherms, and adsorption applicability.
In this study, water hyacinth powder was an adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from an aqueous solution in batch. The individual adsorption capacity of Pb2+ by oven dried water hyacinth powder was studied. The study showed that the adsorption of Pb2+ is better described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the sorption capacity was found to be 16mg/g. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted were used to examine the effects of particle size, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage on the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution by water hyacinth powder. The adsorption efficiency increased with pH and the optimum adsorption was observed at pH 4. Also, the adsorption efficiency of water hyacinth decreased with increase in particle size in the order: <300, >300<425, >425<2800 μm. The optimum time for adsorption of Pb2+ ions was 30 minutes while the optimal adsorption was obtained with 2.5g of the adsorbent. Assessment of kinetics studies showed that the removal of Pb2+ followed pseudo-first-order rate equations based on the coefficient of determination R2 values. The study showed that the use of water hyacinth powder in the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution is feasible.
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