A purified IgG2a monoclonal antibody with a neutralizing titer of 10(4) and specificity for gD was evaluated for its therapeutic potential in a murine ocular infection model. BALB/c mice, infected on the scarified cornea with 10 times the HSV-1 strain RE concentration needed to produce severe and persistent stromal opacity, were given a single inoculation of antibody intraperitoneally 24 hours later. The animals were then followed for corneal disease development. Antibody, at concentrations as low as 10 micrograms per mouse, was strikingly effective at preventing corneal opacity. Furthermore, the corneas, once clear, remained clear whereas the controls developed +3 to +5 stromal disease which was still present 60 days post-infection. Animals that had been treated and recovered from infection were resistant to subsequent HSV-1 challenge on the opposite cornea. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of systemically administered microgram quantities of anti-gD antibody.

Invertebrate species have been used for many years in the laboratory and teaching environment. We discuss some of the most commonly maintained invertebrates--the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), the California sea hare (Aplysia californica), the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), terrestrial hermit crabs, the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), and cephalopods--and briefly describe general techniques for culturing them in captivity. The aim of this article is to give potential users an idea of the materials, methods, and effort required to maintain each type of organism in a laboratory or classroom setting.

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Abstract.A retrospective study of cecal and colonic tissues from 28 squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis) demonstrated enteric trichomonads within luminal crypts. Twenty-one of 28 (75%) had trichomonads in the mucosal epithelium either in cup-like depressions or intraepithelial vacuoles. Organisms were also beneath the superficial luminal mucosal epithelium and between the basement membrane and crypt epithelial cells. Immunoperoxidase staining also identified organisms within the lamina propria and submucosa. Additional histologic changes included mucosal ulceration, multifocal cryptitis, and focal epithelial necrosis. Most areas containing trichomonads did not have an associated inflammatory response.Trichomonads are ubiquitous flagellated protists found in most species of mammals and birds.12 Traditionally, most trichomonads have been viewed as nonpathogenic commensals, but a few are important pathogens. Tritrichomonas foetus can produce bovine reproductive wastage by causing cervicitis, endometritis, pyometra, placentitis, and ab~rtion.~J Trichomonas gallinae causes mortality in turkeys, falcons, and doves, and in pigeons it invades the crop and e~ophagus.'~J~ Trichomonas vaginalis in man is associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, and urinary tract infections. I8 Tritrichomonas mobilensis was isolated from rectal swabs of squirrel monkeys at the Primate Research Laboratory, University of South Alabama. This trichomonad has been characterized morphologically and tax~nomically.~ Its occurrence in squirrel monkeys has been reported to be 100% by 8 weeks of age in a large breeding colony.2 Several studies have been undertaken to evaluate the virulence potential of Tritrichomonas mobilensis. Co-culture of this organism with RK-13 cells resulted in cytoplasmic vacuolation and disruption of the cell monolayer.16 In addition, some trichomonads were adherent to culture vessels, and supernatants from cultures contained a potent hemaggl~tinin'~ which was shown to be a sialic acid specific lectin.20 Virulence assessment using the standardized "subcutaneous mouse assayyy8Jo produced morbidity and mortality in both CD2 and C57B1/6 mice with migration of trichomonads from inoculation sites to internal organs via lymphatic^.^ As evidence of its remarkable viability, the organism has been maintained in a single culture without replenishment of nutrients at room temperature for over 1 year (F. F. Pindak, personal communication).As an extension of our in vitro studies and results from subcutaneous mouse assays, we undertook a survey to localize the natural occurrence in the squirrel monkey and thereby provide a morphological basis for future studies of native pathogenesis and host/parasite interaction. This is our initial report ofthe distribution, occurrence, and associated lesions of squirrel monkey intestinal trichomonads. Materials and MethodsIn our archives 30 squirrel monkey ceca and colons were available. Tissues for study were selected from adult squirrel monkeys at least 2 years of age without re...

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The finding that liver necrosis caused by the environmental glutathione (GSH)-depleting chemical, bromobenzene (BB) is associated with marked impairment in O- and S-methylation of BB metabolites in Syrian hamsters raises questions concerning the role of methyl deficiency in BB toxicity. N-Acetylmethionine (NAM) has proven to be an effective antidote against BB toxicity when given after liver GSH has been depleted extensively. The mechanism of protection by NAM may occur via a replacement of methyl donor and/or via an increase of GSH synthesis. If replacement of the methyl donor is an important process, then blocking the resynthesis of GSH in the methyl-repleted hamsters should not decrease NAM protection. This hypothesis was examined in this study. Propargylglycine (PPG), an irreversible inhibitor of cystathionase, was used to inhibit the utilization of NAM for GSH resynthesis. Two groups of hamsters were pretreated with an intraperitoneal (ip) dose of PPG (30 mg/kg) or saline 24 h before BB administration (800 mg/kg, ip). At 5 h after BB treatment, an ip dose of NAM (1200 mg/kg) was given. Light microscopic examinations of liver sections obtained 24 h after BB treatment indicated that NAM provided better protection (P < 0.05) in the PPG + BB + NAM group than in the BB + NAM group. Liver GSH content, however, was lower in the PPG + BB + NAM group than in the BB + NAM group. The Syrian hamster has a limited capability to N-deacetylated NAM. The substitution of NAM with methionine (Met; 450 mg/kg) resulted in a higher level of GSH in the BB + Met group than in the BB + NAM group (P < 0.05). The enhanced protection by PPG in the PPG + BB + NAM group was accompanied by higher (P < 0.05) urinary excretions of specificO- and S-methylated bromothiocatechols than in the BB + NAM group. The results suggest that NAM protection occurs primarily via a replacement of the methyl donor and that methyl deficiency occurring in response to GSH repletion plays a potential role in BB toxicity.

Since iontophoresis safely reduced bacterial populations in catheterized sheep, this technology may reduce or eliminate nosocomial, catheter-induced urinary tract infections in humans.