The nonlinear optical properties of two water-soluble polymeric dyes, poly(R-478) (an anionic anthraquinone dye) and poly(S-119) (an anionic azo dye), are investigated utilizing nanosecond and femtosecond optical techniques such as z-scan, nonlinear transmission, and time-resolved luminescence. Poly(R-478) showed large nonlinear refraction when studied with femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm, with a value for the intensity-dependent refractive index (n I) of 1.26 × 10 -4 cm 2 /GW. The thin film result at 1064 nm indicated a large nonlinear absorption in both polymeric dyes. The origin of the large fast optical nonlinearities in the polymeric system S-119 was investigated by probing the different functional groups of the polymer. The chromophore group (Sunset Yellow) of the S-119 polymer showed a smaller nonlinear response when compared to the polymer result. Significant differences in the electronic dynamics between the parent poly(S-119) and the chromophore Sunset Yellow were observed by time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. The applications of the NLO effects in these polymers are demonstrated for laser ablation of A549 lung carcinoma cells.
Many of these deaths could be prevented if there were better screening methods to uncover the disease when it is limited and most responsive to intervention. Novel biomarkers of early-stage disease are therefore needed. By applying the principle of "oncology recapitulates ontogeny", we have discovered three homeobox (HOX) genes that are inappropriately expressed in the majority of lung tumors. Understanding the role of these inappropriately expressed genes in lung epithelial cell carcinogenesis may not only augment early detection, but may also offer new avenues of treatment of this disease.
Background: PCR amplification of target molecules involves sequence specific primers that flank the region to be amplified. While this technique is generally routine, its applicability may not be sufficient to generate a desired target molecule from two separate regions involving intron /exon boundaries. For these situations, the generation of full-length complementary DNAs from two partial genomic clones becomes necessary for the family of low abundance genes.
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