The airways of children with many craniofacial and mandibulofacial malformations often present unique challenges to the anesthesiologists. We report the application of Shikani Optical Stylet (SOS) in facilitating the tracheal intubation of four children with history of difficult airway management. The SOS combines the benefits of the lightwand and fiberoptic bronchoscope.

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: It is feasible for a single operator to perform PDT with continuous bronchoscopic guidance when using the EZT on cadaver and mannequin models. Clinical studies are warranted to evaluate this new tool.

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Patients with pretransplant AV replacement or AS have significant cardiac complications (myocardial infarction, AV replacement, or cardiac death) in 1 to 3 years post-OLT.