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The use of XAS studies on Co@Pt and Ni@Pt pseudomorphic overlayer catalysts along with a ethylene hydrogenation descriptor reaction have shown that the d-band of Pt can be effected by the parent metal that it is overlayed on. Pt bond distances were found to be shorter than pure Pt when atop the base Ni and Co indicating that the base metal was exerting compressive strain on the Pt and, for two reasons, causing the Pt d-band to broaden and therefore shift downwards in energy. First, the compressive strain alone has been shown to broaden the d-band of larger atoms atop of smaller ones (i.e. Pt atop Ni) and in the case of the Co@Pt sample Co has one less valence electron then Ni and Pt. This allows for more, than Ni and Pt, of a synergistic interaction between Co and Pt in the overlayer samples resulting in even larger Pt d-bandwidth broadening and shifting. This XAS data was confirmed via reactivity studies as the overlayer samples of both Ni and Co based catalysts had lower reactivity than the pure Pt samples.

A niobium and pyridine salt of molybdo(vanado)phosphoric acid (see formula) leads to a catalyst that achieves excellent yield and productivity for both the conversion of propane into acrylic acid and n‐butane into maleic acid. The catalyst is active under either hydrocarbon‐rich or ‐lean reaction conditions.

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