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Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Progress has been made toward developing an intravenous gas exchange catheter to provide temporary pulmonary support for patients in acute respiratory failure.

ICSFs were associated with an unfavorable outcome in the elderly population regardless of ATI or SCI. These unfavorable outcomes were also associated with long-term mortality. Strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality in this devastating injury will be essential to improve outcomes and maximize resource utilization.