The removal of tars from syngas generated in biomass or coal/biomass gasifiers plays an important role in syngas cleanup. Rare earth oxides (REOs, e.g., Ce/LaOx) mixed with transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe) were synthesized by various methods and in some cases supported on a thermally stable alumina. These catalysts were applied to tar removal in the temperature range <1100 K using synthetic syngas mixtures with C 10 H 8 as a tar model compound, both with and without H 2 S. Some commercial Ni reforming catalyst formulations were examined comparatively. Fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XANES, XAFS, XRD, TPO, and BET. We found that the C 10 H 8 is reformed to at least methane, although further reforming to CO and H 2 is not always achieved. While CO 2 , H 2 S, and coke formation all inhibited or deactivated the catalysts at certain temperatures and to different extents, it was determined that Fe-or Mn-doped supported REOs are promising tar cleanup catalysts. They exhibited higher sulfur tolerance, less coking, and less methanation than typical Ni-based high temperature reforming catalysts. This behavior is in part attributed to enhanced generation of oxygen vacancies in the doped REOs.
PROFESSIONAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY WITHCOMMENTS ON TEACHERS AND ASSOCIATES* J. W. BRIDGES I was born on a farm in Prince Edward Island, Canada, September 14th, 1885; and consequently knew all the facts of life at a very early age. My professional career as a teacher began in 1903, when I was not quite eighteen years of age. I taught first, in a one-room country school; but ended up as principal of a four-room junior high school in a small town.In 1908,1 decided to go to McGill to complete my education. On account of my teacher-training in Charlottetown, I was admitted to the second year. I intended to specialize in literature as I had done a lot of reading while I was teaching. However, in 1909, I switched to philosophy, and graduated in 1911 with honours in that subject and the Prince of Wales Gold Medal Prize.My first course in psychology was given by a professor of philosophy and the text-book was William James' "Briefer Course." The first psychologist was appointed at McGill in the Philosophy Department in 1910. He was W. D. Tait. with a Ph.D. from Harvard. I had his course in experimental psychology, 1910-11. The first psychology in Canada was somewhat earlier than this, at Toronto.
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