Mononuclear phagocytes such as monocytes, tissue-specific macrophages and dendritic cells are primary actors in both innate and adaptive immunity. These professional phagocytes can be parasitized by intracellular bacteria, turning them from housekeepers to hiding places and favoring chronic and/or disseminated infection. One of the most infamous is the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB), which is the most pandemic and one of the deadliest diseases with one third of the world's population infected, and an average of 1.8 million deaths/year worldwide.Here we demonstrate the effective targeting and intracellular delivery of antibiotics to infected macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, using pH sensitive nanoscopic polymersomes made of PMPC-PDPA block copolymer. Polymersomes showed the ability to significantly enhance the efficacy of the antibiotics killing Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and another established intracellular pathogen the Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, they demonstrated to easily access TB-like granuloma tissues -one of the harshest environments to penetrate -in zebrafish models. We thus successfully exploited this targeting for the effective eradication of several intracellular bacteria, including the M. tuberculosis -the etiological agent of human TB.
Electrical property derivative expressions are presented for the nuclear relaxation contribution to static and dynamic ͑infinite frequency approximation͒ nonlinear optical properties. For CF 4 and SF 6 , as opposed to HF and CH 4 , a term that is quadratic in the vibrational anharmonicity ͑and not previously evaluated for any molecule͒ makes an important contribution to the static second vibrational hyperpolarizability of CF 4 and SF 6 . A comparison between calculated and experimental values for the difference between the ͑anisotropic͒ Kerr effect and electric field induced second-harmonic generation shows that, at the Hartree-Fock level, the nuclear relaxation/infinite frequency approximation gives the correct trend ͑in the series CH 4 , CF 4 , SF 6 ͒ but is of the order of 50% too small.
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