This document provides supplementary guidance on specific topics for the allergenicity risk assessment of genetically modified plants. In particular, it supplements general recommendations outlined in previous EFSA GMO Panel guidelines and Implementing Regulation (EU) No 503/2013. The topics addressed are non-IgE-mediated adverse immune reactions to foods, in vitro protein digestibility tests and endogenous allergenicity. New scientific and regulatory developments regarding these three topics are described in this document. Considerations on the practical implementation of those developments in the risk assessment of genetically modified plants are discussed and recommended, where appropriate. (C) 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority
It has long been recognized that hybridization and polyploidy are prominent processes in plant evolution. Although classically recognized as significant in speciation and adaptation, recognition of the importance of interspecific gene flow has dramatically increased during the genomics era, concomitant with an unending flood of empirical examples, with or without genome doubling. Interspecific gene flow is thus increasingly thought to lead to evolutionary innovation and diversification, via adaptive introgression, homoploid hybrid speciation and allopolyploid speciation. Less well understood, however, are the suite of genetic and genomic mechanisms set in motion by the merger of differentiated genomes, and the temporal scale over which recombinational complexity mediated by gene flow might be expressed and exposed to natural selection. We focus on these issues here, considering the types of molecular genetic and genomic processes that might be set in motion by the saltational event of genome merger between two diverged species, either with or without genome doubling, and how these various processes can contribute to novel phenotypes. Genetic mechanisms include the infusion of new alleles and the genesis of novel structural variation including translocations and inversions, homoeologous exchanges, transposable element mobilization and novel insertional effects, presence-absence variation and copy number variation. Polyploidy generates massive transcriptomic and regulatory alteration, presumably set in motion by disrupted stoichiometries of regulatory factors, small RNAs and other genome interactions that cascade from single-gene expression change up through entire networks of transformed regulatory modules. We highlight both these novel combinatorial possibilities and the range of temporal scales over which such complexity might be generated, and thus exposed to natural selection and drift.
The European Commission asked the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA GMO Panel) to update its 2006 scientific opinion on Post-Market Environmental Monitoring (PMEM) of Genetically Modified Plants (GMPs). For doing so, the EFSA GMO Panel made use of the experience gained from its assessment of applications on GMPs for cultivation and considered different sources of information such as the PMEM reports on cultivated GMPs, relevant scientific literature and stakeholders comments. This scientific opinion aims to clarify the objectives, tasks, tools and requirements for PMEM. Firsly, the present document explains the scientific rationale for PMEM, including the concept of developing management and monitoring strategies based on the overall conclusions and assumptions of the Environmental Risk Assessment. Secondly, it provides examples and guidance to applicants on how to develop and implement their plans for Case-Specific Monitoring (CSM), taking into account the case-by-case character of CSM. In addition, it provides guidance to applicants on the strategy, methodology and reporting of General Surveillance (GS). Different tools and approaches to implement a plan for GS are considered. The EFSA GMO Panel proposes a holistic and integrative approach for monitoring GMPs in the EU that considers GS within a framework of general environmental protection monitoring. Finally, the EFSA GMO Panel makes proposals to risk managers for the future conduct of PMEM in the EU and suggests that access to PMEM data could be facilitated by setting-up standardised and centralised reporting centres. This scientific opinion repeals the former 2006 scientific opinion of the EFSA GMO Panel on PMEM of GMPs.
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