The mobility of heavy metals in aquatic environments, impacted by discharges from mining waste, is one of the major processes causing metal pollution mainly by arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), which could be risky for biota and human health. The heavy metals contained in mining waste constituted by large amounts of sulfides can reach the aquatic compartments by acid mine drainage and runoff and eventually become deposited in sediments and associated with colloidal material, being this one of the main reservoirs and ways of transport. However, the mobility of heavy metal is influenced by their specific chemical properties and undergo several physicochemical phenomena as sorption, oxidation–reduction, hydrolysis and this can be influenced by water flow, the size and composition of geological material. Hence, this work aims to review the processes and mechanism involved in the fate and transport of heavy metals from mining-waste to aquatic compartments and the methods used for identification of the specific chemical species associated with their mobility and ecological risk.
The degradation of water soluble corn oil wastes was carried out by Fenton reaction and also under mildly basic media in the presence of oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide and persulfate, assisted with solar light. The degradation efficiency was obtained by analysis of chemical oxygen demand, carbon dioxide and gas chromatography. Over 90% of both chemical oxygen demand abatement and carbon dioxide recovery was accomplished by Fenton reaction. The presence of oxidants during the photodegradation resulted in high chemical oxygen demand abatement of the oil waste with the disappearance of the majority of the initial fatty acids present in the oil waste before treatment
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