Protein expression profiles are directly related to the different properties of cells and are conditioned by the cellular niche. As an example, they are the cause of the characteristic cell plasticity, epithelium–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and drug resistance of cancer cells. This article characterizes ten biomarkers related to these features in three human colorectal cancer cell lines: SW-480, SW-620, and DLD-1, evaluated by flow cytometry; and in turn, resistance to oxaliplatin is studied through dose–response trials. The main biomarkers present in the three studied lines correspond to EpCAM, CD-133, and AC-133, with the latter two in low proportions in the DLD-1 line. The biomarker CD166 is present in greater amounts in SW-620 and DLD-1 compared to SW-480. Finally, DLD-1 shows high values of Trop2, which may explain the aggressiveness and resistance of these cells to oxaliplatin treatments, as EpCAM is also highly expressed. Exposure to oxaliplatin slows cell growth but also helps generate resistance to the treatment. In conclusion, the response of the cell lines is variable, due to their genetic variability, which will condition protein expression and cell growth. Further analyses in this area will provide important information for better understanding of patients’ cellular response and how to prevent resistance.
Summary
Peanut allergies are one of the food allergies with the highest prevalence and mortality due to anaphylaxis, drastically reducing the quality of life of people who suffer from it. In the case of Novel Foods, such as the miracle berry from Synsepalum dulcificum, there is insufficient evidence regarding their allergenic potential. An exhaustive analysis was carried out to study potential cross‐allergy effects between miracle berries and peanuts. First, both an in silico allergenicity prediction model based on sequence homology and an in silico structure homology test were designed to evaluate miraculin cross‐reactivity against Ara h allergens. Second, an in vitro ELISA assay using blood sera from peanut‐allergic patients was executed to discard the possibility of cross‐reaction with total protein content from the berry. The obtained results ruled out the presence of cross‐allergy, leading to the conclusion that consumption of this berry presents no risk for patients with this allergy.
Calcium carbonate, one of the most commonly found biominerals produced by organisms, has shown great potential for the development of systems with biological applications due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and simple chemical composition. Here, we focus on the synthesis of various carbonate-based materials with vaterite phase control and their subsequent functionalization for applications in treating glioblastoma, one of the most limiting tumors currently without effective treatments. The incorporation of l-cysteine into the systems increased cell selectivity while the incorporation of manganese supplied the materials with cytotoxic capacity. Extensive characterization of the systems by infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the incorporation of the different fragments causing selectivity and cytotoxicity to the systems. To verify their therapeutic activity, the vaterite-based materials were tested in the CT2A cell line (murine glioma) and compared to SKBR3 (breast cancer) and HEK-293T (human kidney) cell lines. These studies on the cytotoxicity of the materials have shown promising results that can encourage future in vivo studies in glioblastoma models.
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