THIRTY-TWO FIGURESMalformations following maternal vitamin A deficiency were first reported by Hale ( '35), who observed microphthalmia, anophthalmia, cleft palate aiid lip, and ectopic kidneys in newborn pigs from mothers maintained on a vitamin A restricted ration during the first part of pregnancy. Using a much stricter regime of maternal deficiency on rats Warkany and Schraffenberger ( '46) obtained fetuses and newborns about 75% of which bore one o r more ocular defects, including retrolental fibroplasia, coloboma, eversion of retina and " open eyes." The discovery in the fetal rats of keratinizing metaplasia in epithelia of the lower genito-urinary tract was interpreted as indicating that they experieiiced a state of vitamin deficiency i72 utero similar, in at least one respect, to that in postnatal animals (Wilson and Warkany, '47). Various frank malformations were also found throughout the genito-urinary tract. These were described in terms of incidence and morphology, and were analyzed on the basis of the probable abnormality of developmental processes underlying the observed malformations (Wilson and Warkany, '48). Recently in a 'This study was aided by grants from the Xutrition Foundation. Inc., Xew York.113
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