ResumenEl objetivo del presente reporte es dar a conocer los dos primeros casos de nefropatía del injerto asociada a poliomavirus BK (NPBK) ocurridos en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Perú. El diagnóstico definitivo de la NPBK se corroboró mediante biopsia renal y estudio de microscopia electrónica. En el caso 1, el deterioro funcional renal no se controló a pesar de reducir la inmunosupresión y añadir drogas antivirales (leflunamide y ciprofloxacina), evolucionando a falla renal y su posterior acceso a retrasplante renal. En el caso 2, la alternativa terapéutica se basó en infusión de inmunoglobulina endovenosa asociada a reducción de la inmunosupresión, resultando en moderada mejora histológica y estabilización de la función renal. En ambos injertos renales hubo concomitantemente NPBK y lesiones histológicas compatibles con rechazo agudo celular pendientes de interpretar. En conclusión, la presencia del poliomavirus BK representa serio problema en el riñón trasplantado. La mejor conducta terapéutica se basa en el diagnóstico precoz y subsecuente reducción de la inmunosupresión. Es imprescindible disponer de metodología apropiada que posibilite un diagnóstico preciso. Se utiliza tamizaje de células señuelo o marcadoras (decoy cells) en orina, reacción de cadena polimerasa (PCR), biopsia renal o la microscopia electrónica como método valioso de ayuda en el diagnóstico etiológico viral. Se considera el retrasplante como opción ante la pérdida del injerto por NPBK (caso 1). Palabras clave. Poliomavirus BK; Nefropatía; Trasplante de riñón; Inmunología. Abstract Two documented cases of BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKVN) seen at Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru are reported. Final BKVN diagnosis was confirmed by renal biopsy and electron microscopy study. Case 1: Renal functional deterioration was not controlled despite reduction of immunosuppression and addition of antiviral drugs (leflunomide and ciprofloxacin), evolving to renal failure and subsequent kidney retransplantation. Case 2: The therapeutical management consisted in intravenous immunoglobulin infusion linked to reduction of immunosuppression; this resulted in modest histological improvement and stabilization of renal function. Both renal grafts concomitantly presented BKVN and histological lesions consistent with acute rejection, pending interpretation. In conclusion presence of BK polyomavirus is a serious problem for transplanted kidneys. The best treatment is based on early diagnosis and subsequent reduction of immunosuppression. It is essential to have an appropriate methodology for precise diagnosis. Early electron microscopy is a valuable method for viral etiologic diagnosis. Retransplantation is considered a treatment option when faced with possible BKVN-related graft loss (Case 1). Keywords. BK polyomavirus; Nephropathy; Kidney transplantation; Immunology.
Objective: Report the clinical case of Gastric Adenomyoma as etiology of pyloric syndrome. Clinical case: We present a 52 years old man who attended the emergency room due pyloric syndrome and who underwent a distal gastrectomy. The pathological report revealed a gastric adenomyoma with ulcerative lesion. Discussion: This pathology is an unusual finding, and the literature describe it with extremely low rate of malignant transformation. Conclusion: Gastric adenomyoma is a infrequent pathology and should be taken into account when endoscopic studies are not enough to determine the etiology of a pyloric syndrome.
Medullary thyroid cancer is a rare neuroendocrine tumor with aggressive behavior and an uncertain prognosis. Calcitonin is the associated tumor marker; however, neuroendocrine tumors of the lung or intestine can also present high values. We report the case of a 53-year-old patient presenting with dry cough for 3 years. Computed tomography (CT) showed a 58-mm expansive lesion in the right anterior mediastinum and cervical ultrasound informed a 9-mm hypoechoic nodule with a lobulated edge and thick calcifications. Cytology reported Hashimoto's thyroiditis. He underwent emergent surgery for respiratory failure. The pathological study informed G2 neuroendocrine carcinoma, immunohistochemistry showed: cytokeratin (+), vimentin (+), alpha-actin (-), synaptophysin (+), chromogranin (+), Ki-67: 10%. He progressed with bone metastasis visualized in scintigraphy and mediastinal tumor remnants, adenopathy, and pulmonary nodules on CT scan, prompting chemotherapy. Due to elevated and increasing calcitonin, an ultrasound study with needle washout for calcitonin resulted in 1,724 pg/mL, and cytology of the nodule reported medullary carcinoma. He was finally diagnosed with medullary thyroid microcarcinoma with metastasis to the mediastinum. Coexistence with Hashimoto's thyroiditis could alter the initial fine-needle aspiration results. We conclude that in the case of calcitonin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors or medullary thyroid cancer, calcitonin fine needle aspirate washout may be helpful in elucidating a diagnosis. Due to its severity, medullary thyroid cancer should always be approached and managed aggressively, even microcarcinomas.
Introducción: La mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis desarrollan hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Algunas veces este tipo de hiperparatiroidismo secundario suele ser severo y refractario al tratamiento médico, inclusive algunos desarrollarán hiperparatiroidismo terciario, el tratamiento de ambas situaciones suele ser la paratiroidectomía subtotal o total. Reporte de Caso: Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 29 años, con enfermedad renal terminal en hemodiálisis durante 13 años, quien desarrolló hiperparatiroidismo terciario por lo que fue sometido a paratiroidectomía subtotal con autotrasplante de media glándula; el estudio patológico informó la presencia de un carcinoma de paratiroides en una de las cuatro glándulas paratiroides extirpadas. Conclusión: El carcinoma de paratiroides es una neoplasia rara que causa hiperparatiroidismo primario en menos de 1% de todos los casos, y se ha reportado en algunos pacientes operados por hiperparatiroidismo terciario.
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